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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
06:57

Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: May 12, 2023

Adjuvants and autoimmunity.

E Israeli1, N Agmon-Levin, M Blank

  • 1Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.

Lupus
|November 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adjuvants enhance immune responses but can cause adverse effects. Research focuses on developing safer adjuvants, particularly those stimulating cellular immunity for new vaccine technologies.

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Antigenic Liposomes for Generation of Disease-specific Antibodies
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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Adjuvants are crucial for vaccine efficacy but can cause adverse effects or insufficient immune reactions.
  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen molecules, and many current adjuvants mimic TLR ligands to stimulate adaptive immunity.
  • Adjuvants have been linked to autoimmune diseases, such as connective tissue diseases and macrophagic myofasciitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms and implications of adjuvant adverse effects in vaccine development.
  • To highlight the need for safer and more effective adjuvants for various vaccine platforms.
  • To discuss current and future adjuvant development strategies, including those bypassing TLR signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on adjuvant mechanisms, adverse effects, and safety profiles.
  • Analysis of specific cases linking adjuvants to diseases like "adjuvant diseases," Gulf War syndrome, and macrophagic myofasciitis.
  • Examination of approved adjuvants and emerging adjuvant technologies for different vaccine types.

Main Results:

  • Adjuvant adverse effects necessitate renewed scrutiny and the development of safer alternatives.
  • Existing adjuvants, while effective, can trigger autoimmune responses and local/systemic side effects.
  • Several new adjuvants have been developed, with ongoing research into novel mechanisms and applications.

Conclusions:

  • Safer adjuvants are essential for future vaccine development, particularly for novel platforms like DNA and mucosal vaccines.
  • There is a demand for adjuvants that can stimulate specific immune responses, such as Th1 immunity, without toxicity.
  • Future research may explore adjuvants that target alternative pathways beyond TLRs to mitigate common side effects.