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Related Concept Videos

Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Organ dysfunction is associated with hyperglycemia in critically ill children.

Ursula G Kyle1, Jorge A Coss Bu, Curtis E Kennedy

  • 1Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin, WT6-006, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ukyle@bcm.tmc.edu

Intensive Care Medicine
|November 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Critically ill children with organ dysfunction were more likely to experience prolonged hyperglycemia. While hyperglycemia trended towards increased mortality, hypoglycemia was not associated with mortality in this study.

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Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
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Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Published on: June 11, 2012

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
07:35

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice

Published on: January 26, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Hyperglycemia is common in critically ill children and may be associated with adverse outcomes.
  • Intravenous insulin is frequently used to manage hyperglycemia in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between the degree of organ dysfunction and hyperglycemia in critically ill children receiving intravenous insulin therapy.
  • To explore the relationship between hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and mortality in this patient population.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of 110 patients admitted to a university hospital PICU.
  • Data collected on hyperglycemia duration, hypoglycemia, organ dysfunction (per International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference criteria), and mortality.
  • Logistic regression models adjusted for confounding variables (age, gender, PRISM score, vasopressors, steroids).

Main Results:

  • Organ dysfunction (≥3 vs. <3 organs) was significantly associated with prolonged hyperglycemia (≥24 hours) (OR 6.1, p=0.004).
  • Hyperglycemia showed a trend towards association with mortality (OR 3.2, p=0.079).
  • Hypoglycemia was not significantly associated with mortality after adjustment for confounders.

Conclusions:

  • Prolonged hyperglycemia is significantly associated with increased organ dysfunction in critically ill children.
  • Hyperglycemia may be a risk factor for mortality in this population, though further research is needed.
  • Hypoglycemia does not appear to be associated with mortality in critically ill children receiving insulin therapy.