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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival
Published on: August 3, 2013
Process analytical technologies (PAT) in freeze-drying of parenteral products
Sajal Manubhai Patel1, Michael Pikal
1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, USA.
Abstract:
Quality by Design (QbD), aims at assuring quality by proper design and control, utilizing appropriate Process Analytical Technologies (PAT) to monitor critical process parameters during processing to ensure that the product meets the desired quality attributes. This review provides a comprehensive list of process monitoring devices that can be used to monitor critical process parameters and will focus on a critical review of the viability of the PAT schemes proposed. R&D needs in PAT for freeze-drying have also been addressed with particular emphasis on batch techniques that can be used on all the dryers independent of the dryer scale.
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