Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Sublimation

Sublimation

Sublimation is the direct transformation of a solid to a gaseous state. For instance, at standard pressure and room temperature, solid carbon dioxide sublimes to gaseous carbon dioxide. The phase diagram depicts the conditions required for sublimation. This process occurs at the solid-gas phase boundary and is not observed above the triple point of the substance. The reverse of sublimation is called deposition, where a gaseous substance condenses directly into a solid. Sublimation and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Neighborhood Socioeconomics and Lung Cancer Recurrence and Progression.

Clinical lung cancer·2026

Same author

Stability of frozen protein drug substances across concentration ranges: Case studies on the impact of formulation and freezing processes.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2026

Same author

Early-life neighborhood resources and later-life cognitive function.

Environmental research·2026

Same author

A nationwide analysis of heat and workplace injuries in the United States.

Environmental health : a global access science source·2025

Same author

Multi-ancestry genome-wide meta-analysis of 56,241 individuals identifies known and novel cross-population and ancestry-specific associations as novel risk loci for Alzheimer's disease.

Genome biology·2025

Same author

Critical Needs and Opportunities for Advanced Manufacturing of Lyophilized Injectables.

Pharmaceutical research·2025

Same journal

Enhanced Stability and Transdermal Delivery of Semaglutide Using an L-Arginine Based Dissolving Microneedle System.

AAPS PharmSciTech·2026

Same journal

The Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of a Triple Synergistic Nanoplatform Designed for Targeted Subcutaneous Delivery of Sitagliptin with Potential for β-Cell Preservation.

AAPS PharmSciTech·2026

Same journal

Repurposing Non-oncologic Drugs via Targeted Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy: Mechanisms, Synergistic Combinations, and Clinical Translation.

AAPS PharmSciTech·2026

Same journal

Targeting Permeability Barriers By Strategic Selection of Thiol Containing Coformer for Novel Cocrystals of Metformin.

AAPS PharmSciTech·2026

Same journal

Plume Geometry Matters: Investigating the Contribution of Mass-Based Plume Geometry to Aerosol Delivery Efficiency in pMDIs.

AAPS PharmSciTech·2026

Same journal

Eigenrate-Based Thermodynamic Decomposition of Competing Release Mechanisms in Polymeric Nano- and Microspheres: The MMIR-S Framework with Arrhenius Dual-Population Burst Kinetics and Log-Normal Polydispersity Averaging.

AAPS PharmSciTech·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival

Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival

Published on: August 3, 2013

Recommended Best Practices for Process Monitoring Instrumentation in Pharmaceutical Freeze Drying-2017.

Steven Nail¹, Serguei Tchessalov², Evgenyi Shalaev³

¹Baxter Medical Products R&D, LLC\ 927 S. Curry Pike, Bloomington, Indiana, 47403, USA. steven_nail@baxter.com.

AAPS Pharmscitech

|February 17, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study outlines best practices for monitoring pharmaceutical freeze drying, detailing temperature and pressure measurement methods for lab and production scales. It also reviews emerging technologies for enhanced process control.

Keywords:

heat flux measurement mass spectrometry pressure measurement process analytical technology temperature measurement tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Process Development for the Spray-Drying of Probiotic Bacteria and Evaluation of the Product Quality

Author Spotlight: Process Development for the Spray-Drying of Probiotic Bacteria and Evaluation of the Product Quality

Published on: April 7, 2023

Cryo-Electron Microscopic Grid Preparation for Time-Resolved Studies using a Novel Robotic System, Spotiton

Cryo-Electron Microscopic Grid Preparation for Time-Resolved Studies using a Novel Robotic System, Spotiton

Published on: February 25, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival

Formulations for Freeze-drying of Bacteria and Their Influence on Cell Survival

Published on: August 3, 2013

Author Spotlight: Process Development for the Spray-Drying of Probiotic Bacteria and Evaluation of the Product Quality

Author Spotlight: Process Development for the Spray-Drying of Probiotic Bacteria and Evaluation of the Product Quality

Published on: April 7, 2023

Cryo-Electron Microscopic Grid Preparation for Time-Resolved Studies using a Novel Robotic System, Spotiton

Cryo-Electron Microscopic Grid Preparation for Time-Resolved Studies using a Novel Robotic System, Spotiton

Published on: February 25, 2021

Area of Science:

Pharmaceutical Sciences
Chemical Engineering
Process Analytical Technology

Background:

Effective monitoring of pharmaceutical freeze drying (lyophilization) is critical for product quality and process consistency.
Current methods for monitoring product status during freeze drying have limitations in accuracy and applicability across scales.
Understanding measurement uncertainties and instrument differences is key to reliable process control.

Purpose of the Study:

To present recommended best practices for monitoring pharmaceutical freeze drying at both laboratory and production scales.
To discuss sources of uncertainty and differences between common temperature and pressure measurement instruments.
To review emerging technologies for advanced process monitoring.

Main Methods:

Discussion of best practices for product temperature measurement, including thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs).
Analysis of pressure transducer types, specifically thermal conductivity gauges (Pirani gauge) and capacitance manometers.
Review of developing technologies such as wireless temperature monitoring, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, heat flux measurement, and mass spectrometry.

Main Results:

Sources of uncertainty in temperature probes are detailed, highlighting differences between thermocouples and RTDs.
The Pirani gauge is identified as a preferred thermal conductivity-type gauge.
Recommendation to use both thermal conductivity and capacitance manometers on product chambers and condensers for freeze dryers with external condensers.

Conclusions:

Implementing recommended monitoring practices enhances control over pharmaceutical freeze drying processes.
Careful selection and application of temperature and pressure measurement tools are essential for reliable results.
Emerging technologies offer promising avenues for future advancements in freeze drying process monitoring and control.