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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Actions of thyroid hormones in bone.

Graham R Williams1

  • 1Department of Medicine & MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, UK. graham.williams@imperial.ac.uk

Endokrynologia Polska
|November 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) impacts bone development and strength. While T3 aids growth, it can increase bone turnover in adults, raising fracture risk. Further research is needed to clarify its precise mechanisms in bone cells.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Biology
  • Skeletal Development

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones (T3) are crucial for skeletal development, peak bone mass, and adult bone maintenance.
  • Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are linked to increased fracture risk, indicating complex thyroid hormone roles in bone.
  • The precise mechanisms of thyroid hormone action in bone cells remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the specific mechanisms by which thyroid hormone (T3) influences skeletal development and bone turnover.
  • To investigate the role of thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRalpha) in mediating T3's effects on bone.
  • To explore potential direct actions of TSH on bone cells and differentiate them from systemic effects.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of studies involving mutant mice with genetic disruptions in thyroid hormone receptors (TRalpha, TRbeta) and the TSH receptor.

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In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

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Published on: October 6, 2023

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  • Review of existing literature on the effects of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on bone health.
  • Discussion of the need for tissue-specific genetic models to isolate T3 signaling in bone cells.

    • Main Results:

    • T3 plays a dual role: anabolic during growth for peak bone mass accrual and catabolic in adults, increasing bone turnover.
    • Studies in mutant mice suggest thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRalpha) is a primary mediator of T3 action in bone.
    • Distinguishing direct T3/TSH effects in bone from systemic endocrine influences remains challenging in vivo.

    Conclusions:

    • Thyroid hormone signaling pathways in bone are critical for skeletal health throughout life.
    • Understanding these pathways, particularly TRalpha's role, is key to developing targeted therapies for bone disorders.
    • Future research using tissue-specific models is essential to identify drug targets for osteoporosis treatment.