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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...

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Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
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The vagus nerve modulates CD4+ T cell activity.

Khalil Karimi1, John Bienenstock, Lu Wang

  • 1The Brain-Body Institute and Department of Medicine, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Ont., Canada.

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
|November 6, 2009
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Summary

The vagus nerve regulates T cell function via nicotinic receptors. Vagus nerve stimulation suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine production, impacting immune responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Vagal nerve stimulation
  • Inflammatory pathways

Background:

  • The vagus nerve exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, primarily linked to macrophage activation via nicotinic receptors.
  • Its role in modulating other immune cells, like T cells, remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the vagus nerve's influence on CD4(+) T cell activity and pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
  • To elucidate the role of nicotinic receptors in vagal modulation of T cell responses.

Main Methods:

  • Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in mice to assess T cell proliferation and cytokine (TNF, IFN-gamma) production.
  • In vitro stimulation of T cells and administration of nicotine or nicotinic receptor antagonists.

Main Results:

  • Vagotomy increased CD4(+) T cell proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine release.
  • Nicotine administration restored T cell responses to normal levels.
  • Nicotinic receptor antagonists mimicked vagotomy effects in non-vagotomized mice.

Conclusions:

  • Vagal input constitutively down-regulates T cell function through nicotinic receptors.
  • The vagus nerve's role in immune regulation extends beyond macrophages to T cells.