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Related Concept Videos

RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while microarray-based...
Sanger Sequencing01:57

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
Genome Annotation and Assembly03:36

Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
DNA Microarrays02:34

DNA Microarrays

Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used in genome-wide studies to compare gene or protein expression under two varied conditions, such as healthy and diseased states. Microarrays consist of glass or silica slides on which probe molecules are covalently attached through surface functionalization. Most commonly, the slides are prepared through the chemisorption of silanes to silica...
Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing01:05

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
Challenges of the Maxam-Gilbert Method
The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Ultra-long Read Sequencing for Whole Genomic DNA Analysis
10:34

Ultra-long Read Sequencing for Whole Genomic DNA Analysis

Published on: March 15, 2019

Human genome sequencing using unchained base reads on self-assembling DNA nanoarrays.

Radoje Drmanac1, Andrew B Sparks, Matthew J Callow

  • 1Complete Genomics, Inc., 2071 Stierlin Court, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA. rdrmanac@completegenomics.com

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|November 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a new genome sequencing platform that is accurate, affordable, and scalable. It enables efficient human genome sequencing for large genetic studies and disease research.

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

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Hybrid De Novo Genome Assembly for the Generation of Complete Genomes of Urinary Bacteria using Short- and Long-read Sequencing Technologies

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Genome sequencing is crucial for understanding human diseases.
  • Existing platforms face challenges in efficiency and cost.
  • Advancements are needed for large-scale genetic studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a novel genome sequencing platform.
  • To evaluate its efficiency, accuracy, and cost.
  • To demonstrate its utility for human genome sequencing.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized combinatorial probe anchor ligation chemistry.
  • Employed patterned nanoarrays of self-assembling DNA nanoballs.
  • Sequenced three human genomes with high coverage.

Main Results:

  • Achieved 45- to 87-fold coverage per genome.
  • Identified 3.2 to 4.5 million sequence variants per genome.
  • Demonstrated high accuracy (1 false variant per 100 kilobases).

Conclusions:

  • The platform offers efficient imaging and low reagent consumption.
  • Affordable cost ($4400 consumables) and scalability are key advantages.
  • Enables complete human genome sequencing for rare variant detection in large studies.