Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factorial Design02:01

Factorial Design

Factorial Analysis is an experimental design that applies Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical procedures to examine a change in a dependent variable due to more than one independent variable, also known as factors. Changes in worker productivity can be reasoned, for example, to be influenced by salary and other conditions, such as skill level. One way to test this hypothesis is by categorizing salary into three levels (low, moderate, and high) and skills sets into two levels (entry level...
Factors Affecting Perception01:25

Factors Affecting Perception

Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
An illustrative example of a perceptual set is the scenario where an airline pilot told...
Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
Inductive Reasoning00:59

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in degrees to which the conclusions are credible. As such, inductive arguments can be weak or strong, rather than valid or invalid, and conclusions can be used to formulate testable, falsifiable hypotheses.Inductive reasoning is common in descriptive science. A life scientist makes observations and records them. This data can be qualitative or...
Introduction to Test of Independence01:21

Introduction to Test of Independence

In statistics, the term independence means that one can directly obtain the probability of any event involving both variables by multiplying their individual probabilities. Tests of independence are chi-square tests involving the use of a contingency table of observed (data) values.
The test statistic for a test of independence is similar to that of a goodness-of-fit test:
Experimental Designs01:16

Experimental Designs

An experimental design is a systematic process that allows researchers to evaluate the relationship between dependent and independent variables. There are three widely used types of experimental design - pre-experimental design, true experimental design, and quasi-experimental design. In pre-experimental design, the researcher compares the data before and after some interventions or treatments. The true-experimental design has more than one purposefully created group, a commonly measured...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A tutorial for software options to aid in assessing functional relations in single-case experimental designs.

Behavior research methods·2026
Same author

Videoconferencing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Panic Disorder in an Emergency Room in Mexico: A Multiple Baseline Design.

Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings·2026
Same author

Compassion focused therapy for self-stigma and shame in autism: a single case pre-experimental study.

Frontiers in psychiatry·2024
Same author

Type I error rates and power of two randomization test procedures for the changing criterion design.

Behavior research methods·2023
Same author

Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance to improve occupational performance goals for children with executive function deficits after acquired brain injury.

Developmental medicine and child neurology·2023
Same author

Testing delayed, gradual, and temporary treatment effects in randomized single-case experiments: A general response function framework.

Behavior research methods·2023
Same journal

Compassionate Leadership: Development and Cross-Cultural Validation of Compassion at Work-Leadership Behaviors Inventory (CAW-LBI).

The Spanish journal of psychology·2026
Same journal

Climber Ability and Differences in Psychological, Physiological and Behavioral Responses to an On-sight Lead Climb.

The Spanish journal of psychology·2026
Same journal

The Youth Physical Activity Promotion Model in Spain and Chile: Comparison of Psychological and Social Variables.

The Spanish journal of psychology·2026
Same journal

Tell me Why: The Attributional Styles at Work Questionnaire and its Relationship with Affectivity, Personality, and Motivation.

The Spanish journal of psychology·2026
Same journal

The Indirect Relationship between Prosociality in the Workplace and Employee Well-Being: Testing Multiple Mediators.

The Spanish journal of psychology·2026
Same journal

ICT Use at Work as a Double-Edged Sword: A Moderated Mediation Model of Employee Well-Being.

The Spanish journal of psychology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

Factors affecting visual inference in single-case designs.

Verônica M Ximenes1, Rumen Manolov, Antonio Solanas

  • 1Universitadade Federal do Ceará, Brazil.

The Spanish Journal of Psychology
|November 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Visual inspection is common for single-case designs but has limitations. Even experienced analysts struggled to accurately assess treatment effects, suggesting complementary methods are needed for reliable intervention effectiveness evaluation.

More Related Videos

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
13:00

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Published on: January 23, 2017

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
09:27

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

Published on: October 13, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
13:00

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Published on: January 23, 2017

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
09:27

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

Published on: October 13, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Science
  • Research Methodology
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Visual inspection is the primary method for evaluating treatment effects in single-case designs.
  • Its reliability and limitations require thorough examination against other assessment procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the advantages and limitations of visual inference in single-case designs.
  • To review previous research on visual analysis, including validation, agreement, and error rates.
  • To investigate factors influencing visual inspection and its reliability through a simulation study.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on visual analysis in single-case designs.
  • Empirical simulation study incorporating effect size, autocorrelation, data variability, and analyst expertise.
  • Analysis of inter-judge and intra-judge agreement and error rates (Type I).

Main Results:

  • Serial dependence in data is linked to increased Type I error rates.
  • More experienced analysts demonstrated more conservative and consistent assessment criteria.
  • Decisions by both students and professionals did not sufficiently align with simulated data features, indicating low agreement.

Conclusions:

  • Visual inspection alone is not sufficiently reliable for assessing treatment effectiveness in single-case designs.
  • Low intra-judge agreement and discrepancies with simulated data highlight the need for complementary methods.
  • Enhancing the reliability of intervention effectiveness evaluation requires integrating visual inspection with other analytical procedures.