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Related Concept Videos

Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Analysis of Transforming Growth Factor &#223; Family Cleavage Products Secreted Into the Blastocoele of Xenopus laevis Embryos
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Analysis of Transforming Growth Factor ß Family Cleavage Products Secreted Into the Blastocoele of Xenopus laevis Embryos

Published on: July 21, 2021

Control of BMP gene expression by long-range regulatory elements.

Steven Pregizer1, Douglas P Mortlock

  • 1Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States. steven.k.pregizer@vanderbilt.edu

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews
|November 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Developmental regulator genes, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), are controlled by distant cis-regulatory elements active during embryogenesis. Analyzing these elements reveals insights into BMP gene functions and the importance of non-coding DNA.

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Detection of Signaling Effector-Complexes Downstream of BMP4 Using in situ PLA, a Proximity Ligation Assay
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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Analysis of Transforming Growth Factor &#223; Family Cleavage Products Secreted Into the Blastocoele of Xenopus laevis Embryos
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Detection of Signaling Effector-Complexes Downstream of BMP4 Using in situ PLA, a Proximity Ligation Assay
12:52

Detection of Signaling Effector-Complexes Downstream of BMP4 Using in situ PLA, a Proximity Ligation Assay

Published on: March 3, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Developmental regulator genes, such as transcription factors and signaling molecules, are often controlled by modular, tissue-specific cis-regulatory elements.
  • These regulatory elements frequently function during embryogenesis and can be located far from gene coding regions and promoters.
  • Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are critical signaling molecules involved in organogenesis and differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of specific bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) genes.
  • To understand the role of distant cis-regulatory elements in controlling BMP gene expression during development.
  • To highlight the significance of non-coding genomic DNA in developmental processes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of cis-regulatory elements associated with Bmp2, Bmp4, Bmp5, and Gdf6 genes.
  • Investigating the spatial and temporal activity of these elements during embryogenesis.
  • Comparative genomics to identify conserved regulatory regions.

Main Results:

  • Four BMP family members (Bmp2, Bmp4, Bmp5, and Gdf6) are confirmed to be regulated by distant cis-regulatory elements.
  • These distant elements are crucial for the tissue-specific control of BMP gene expression.
  • The findings place BMPs firmly within the category of genes regulated by such distant elements.

Conclusions:

  • Distant cis-regulatory elements play a significant role in the developmental regulation of BMP genes.
  • The study underscores the biological importance of non-coding genomic DNA elements in orchestrating complex developmental processes.
  • Understanding these regulatory networks provides insight into the pleiotropic effects of BMP genes.