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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
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Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Simple Approach to Induce Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis in C57BL/6 Mice for Functional and Neuropathological Assessments
07:30

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Published on: November 9, 2017

Encephalitis and acute autonomic neuropathy.

Habib Ur Rehman1, W McEachern, J McEachern

  • 1Section of Internal Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, Regina Qu"Appelle Health Region, Canada. habib31@sasktel.net

The Neurologist
|November 11, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reports a rare case of acute autonomic sensory and motor neuropathy following encephalitis. The patient also exhibited a false positive in cerebrospinal fluid 14-3-3 testing, a finding not previously documented in similar cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Encephalitis can present with diverse neurological complications.
  • Autonomic neuropathies, particularly those affecting sensory and motor functions, are uncommon sequelae of central nervous system infections.
  • The diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in complex neurological cases requires careful interpretation.

Observation:

  • A patient developed acute autonomic sensory and motor neuropathy concurrently with encephalitis.
  • The neuropathy presented with both sensory and motor deficits impacting the autonomic nervous system.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed a false positive 14-3-3 protein assay.

Findings:

  • This case represents the second documented instance of acute autonomic neuropathy with combined sensory and motor dysfunction complicating encephalitis.
  • The co-occurrence of central nervous system dysfunction and peripheral autonomic neuropathy highlights complex neuroinflammatory pathways.
  • The false positive 14-3-3 result in this context underscores the need for cautious interpretation of this biomarker.

Implications:

  • This case expands the spectrum of known neurological complications associated with encephalitis.
  • Understanding the interplay between central and peripheral nervous system dysfunction in encephalitis is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying autonomic neuropathy in encephalitis and the significance of biomarkers like 14-3-3 protein in such scenarios.