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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Frost Action on Concrete01:27

Frost Action on Concrete

Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
This freeze-thaw cycle primarily causes surface scaling, where...
Cold Weather Concreting01:27

Cold Weather Concreting

When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
To counteract the negative impacts of cold weather, ensuring...
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation01:24

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

When a non-volatile solute is added to a pure solvent, it results in the lowering of the freezing point of the solvent. This phenomenon is called freezing point depression. The extent to which the freezing point is lowered depends on the molality of the solute -the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent and the cryoscopic constant of the solvent.From the plot of chemical potential, μ, against temperature, it is evident that the μ of both solid and liquid solvents decrease with...
Frost Resistant Concrete01:29

Frost Resistant Concrete

Concrete's susceptibility to frost damage during freeze-thaw cycles demands strategic measures to enhance its frost resistance. Employing techniques like air entrainment, adjusting the water-cement ratio, proper curing, and selecting appropriate aggregates are essential.
Introducing microscopic air bubbles into the concrete mix through air entrainment creates small voids that accommodate ice expansion, thereby reducing internal pressures and preventing cracking. The optimal amount of entrained...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine
08:16

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

Published on: March 13, 2017

Freezing in the bulk controlled by prefreezing at a surface.

A J Page1, R P Sear

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|November 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Crystal nucleation at surfaces is controlled by surface phase transitions, a finding applicable to bulk crystal formation. This study considers surface behavior in bulk nucleation processes.

More Related Videos

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants
09:36

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Published on: May 8, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine
08:16

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

Published on: March 13, 2017

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants
09:36

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Published on: May 8, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Crystal phases predominantly nucleate at surfaces, a phenomenon not fully understood.
  • The role of surface phase transitions in controlling bulk nucleation requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nucleation of crystal phases at a flat surface using simulations.
  • To determine if surface phase transitions influence bulk crystal nucleation.

Main Methods:

  • Monte Carlo simulations.
  • Utilizing the Lennard-Jones model for interatomic interactions.

Main Results:

  • A surface phase transition, termed 'prefreezing,' was identified as a controlling factor in bulk crystal nucleation.
  • Nucleation of the bulk crystal smoothly transitions into surface crystal layer nucleation near the bulk transition.

Conclusions:

  • Surface phase behavior is crucial and must be considered in models of bulk phase nucleation at surfaces.
  • The findings suggest a generalized mechanism for surface-controlled nucleation applicable to various materials.