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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

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Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Manganese Ferrite Clusters with Tunable Nanoscale Dimension and Composition

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Multiferroicity in rare-earth nickelates RNiO3.

Gianluca Giovannetti¹, Sanjeev Kumar, Daniel Khomskii

¹Institute Lorentz for Theoretical Physics, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.

Physical Review Letters

|November 13, 2009

Summary

Rare-earth nickelates (RNiO3) exhibit multiferroic properties, displaying large ferroelectric polarizations induced by magnetic ordering. This finding clarifies their magnetic ground state and suggests electric field control of magnetism.

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Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Materials science
Solid-state chemistry

Background:

Rare-earth nickelates (RNiO3) are complex oxides with intriguing electronic and magnetic properties.
The nature of magnetic ordering in RNiO3 has been a long-standing research question.
These materials are potential candidates for multiferroic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the multiferroic nature of charge-ordered rare-earth nickelates (RNiO3).
To determine the relationship between magnetic ordering and ferroelectric polarization in these materials.
To explore the possibility of controlling magnetic states using electric fields.

Main Methods:

First-principles electronic structure calculations.
Analysis of spin configurations and their impact on ferroelectric polarization.
Thermodynamic stability analysis of different magnetic orderings.

Main Results:

Charge-ordered rare-earth nickelates (R = Ho, Lu, Pr, Nd) are confirmed to be multiferroic.
Large magnetically-induced ferroelectric polarizations were calculated.
The direction and magnitude of ferroelectric polarization directly correlate with the ground-state spin configuration.
Small energy differences between magnetic orderings were observed.

Conclusions:

The study elucidates the origin of ferroelectricity in RNiO3, linking it to specific magnetic orderings.
These materials exhibit significant magnetoelectric coupling.
Electric field cooling presents a viable strategy for stabilizing desired magnetic states in RNiO3.