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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles
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Surface X-ray speckles: coherent surface diffraction from Au(001).

M S Pierce1, K C Chang, D Hennessy

  • 1Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|November 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We observed dynamic surface behaviors in gold using X-ray diffraction. Speckle pattern analysis revealed temperature-dependent surface reconstruction dynamics for the first time.

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Area of Science:

  • Surface science
  • Condensed matter physics
  • X-ray scattering techniques

Background:

  • Surface reconstruction is crucial for material properties.
  • Understanding surface dynamics is key to controlling material behavior.
  • Gold(001) surface reconstruction exhibits complex behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamic behavior of the Au(001) surface reconstruction.
  • To utilize coherent X-ray diffraction for probing surface dynamics.
  • To correlate observed dynamics with sample temperature.

Main Methods:

  • Coherent X-ray diffraction measurements.
  • Analysis of specular anti-Bragg reflection and off-specular peaks.
  • Autocorrelation analysis of speckle patterns.

Main Results:

  • Coherent speckled X-ray diffraction patterns were obtained from a surface atom monolayer.
  • Fluctuations in speckle patterns were observed even with static integrated intensity.
  • Two distinct temperature-dependent dynamic behaviors of the hexagonal reconstruction were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Coherent X-ray diffraction is sensitive to surface dynamics.
  • Surface dynamics of Au(001) hex reconstruction are temperature-dependent.
  • Speckle pattern analysis provides insights into surface behavior.