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Shrinkage in Concrete

Shrinkage in Concrete

Shrinkage in concrete is primarily due to water loss from evaporation, hydration of cement, or carbonation, leading to a reduction in volume. The volumetric contraction results in volumetric strain in concrete. However, in practice, shrinkage is measured as linear strain, which is one-third of the volumetric strain.
When concrete is still in its plastic state, it can undergo a decrease in volume by about 1% of its absolute volume. This decrease is known as plastic shrinkage. It arises either...

Drying Shrinkage

Drying Shrinkage

When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...

Plastic Behavior

Plastic Behavior

A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and reloaded.

Residual Stresses

Residual Stresses

Residual stresses reside in a structure even after removing the original stress inducer. This phenomenon often arises from varied plastic deformations across different parts of a structure. Consider a rod stretched beyond its yield point. It will not regain its original length due to permanent deformation. Even after load removal, the rod does not entirely lose stress because of uneven plastic deformations, resulting in residual stresses. The computation of these stresses in structures is...

Carbonation Shrinkage

Carbonation Shrinkage

Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction facilitates the...

Stress Concentrations

Stress Concentrations

Stress concentration is when stress intensifies near discontinuities such as holes or abrupt cross-sectional changes in a structural member. This localized stress can often surpass the average stress within the member. The stress distribution in flat bars, either with a circular hole or varying widths connected by fillets, can be determined experimentally using a photoelastic method. The results are based on ratios of geometric parameters like the ratio of the hole's radius to the smaller width...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation

Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation

Published on: July 21, 2014

Does a low-shrinking composite induce less stress at the adhesive interface?

Annelies Van Ende¹, Jan De Munck, Atsushi Mine

¹Leuven BIOMAT Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillo-facial Surgery, Catholic University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.

Dental Materials : Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Materials

|November 13, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study compared a low-shrinking silorane composite and a conventional composite for bonding effectiveness. Both composites bonded equally well to dentin, but bulk-filling the silorane composite reduced bond strength.

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Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation

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Area of Science:

Dental Materials Science
Biomaterials Engineering
Restorative Dentistry

Background:

Polymerization shrinkage of dental composites generates stress, particularly in high configuration-factor (C-factor) cavities.
A novel low-shrinking silorane-based composite (Filtek Silorane, FS) was developed to mitigate polymerization shrinkage stress.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the influence of cavity configuration factor (C-factor) and composite application techniques on the bonding effectiveness of a silorane composite to human dentin.
To compare the bonding effectiveness of the silorane composite with a conventional methacrylate-based composite.

Main Methods:

A silorane-based composite (FS) and a methacrylate-based composite (Filtek Z100) were bonded to flat dentin surfaces and class-I cavities using a two-step self-etch adhesive.
Eight experimental groups were established, varying composite type, cavity preparation, and application methods (e.g., bulk-filled, layered-filled).
Micro-tensile bond strength (microTBS) was measured after one week of water storage.

Main Results:

No significant difference in microTBS was observed between Filtek Z100 and Filtek Silorane when bonded to flat dentin surfaces.
Bonding to class-I cavities reduced microTBS for all groups compared to flat surfaces.
A statistically significant decrease in microTBS was noted for FS when bulk-filled in cavities and when a flowable composite was uncured.

Conclusions:

The silorane-based composite demonstrated comparable bonding effectiveness to conventional methacrylate composites when used with the specified self-etch adhesive.
Bulk-filling the silorane composite in a class-I cavity significantly reduced microTBS, indicating that factors beyond polymerization shrinkage affect bond strength.
The findings suggest that application protocols, in addition to material properties, are critical for optimizing the clinical performance of low-shrinking composites.