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Related Concept Videos

Stroke: Introduction and Types01:29

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...
Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Brain Infarct Segmentation and Registration on MRI or CT for Lesion-symptom Mapping
10:25

Brain Infarct Segmentation and Registration on MRI or CT for Lesion-symptom Mapping

Published on: September 25, 2019

D-dimers predict stroke subtype when assessed early.

Jörg Isenegger1, Niklaus Meier, Bernhard Lämmle

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Low D-dimer levels within 6 hours of ischemic stroke onset can help exclude cardioembolic stroke. This finding aids in early stroke classification and secondary prevention strategies.

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Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Stroke
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Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Stroke

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Brain Infarct Segmentation and Registration on MRI or CT for Lesion-symptom Mapping
10:25

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Published on: September 25, 2019

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Stroke
05:32

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Stroke

Published on: August 11, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Cardiology
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Early ischemic stroke subtype classification is crucial for effective secondary stroke prevention.
  • Identifying stroke etiology guides further diagnostic investigations and treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the utility of coagulation and fibrinolysis markers in differentiating ischemic stroke subtypes.
  • To determine if specific markers can predict cardioembolic stroke etiology.

Main Methods:

  • Measured coagulation activation markers (fibrinopeptide A, prothrombin fragment 1+2, thrombin-antithrombin complex) and fibrinolysis markers (plasmin-alpha(2)-antiplasmin complex, D-dimers) in 98 acute ischemic stroke patients.
  • Classified stroke subtypes including cardioembolic, large-artery atherosclerosis, small-vessel disease, and undetermined etiologies.
  • Analyzed marker levels in relation to stroke subtype and clinical characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Higher D-dimer levels were significantly associated with cardioembolic stroke compared to other etiologies (p < 0.001).
  • D-dimer levels below 300 microg/l within 6 hours demonstrated 100% sensitivity for excluding cardioembolic stroke.
  • Other coagulation markers (F1+2, FPA, TAT, PAP) did not show significant differences between stroke subtypes.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated D-dimer levels are indicative of cardioembolic stroke.
  • Low D-dimer levels in the early hours after ischemic stroke onset can effectively rule out cardioembolic etiology.
  • D-dimer measurement shows potential as a tool to guide further investigations in acute ischemic stroke management.