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Related Concept Videos

Light Acquisition02:16

Light Acquisition

In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Plane Potential Flows01:23

Plane Potential Flows

Plane potential flows simplify fluid motion by assuming the fluid to be irrotational and incompressible. These characteristics allow these flows to be described by a velocity potential function, ϕ, representing the flow speed in a given direction, and a stream function, ψ, that visualizes the flow path, both governed by Laplace's equation. These parameters help in estimating flow patterns, velocity distributions, and pressure fields around various hydraulic structures.
Uniform Flow
Uniform flow...
Boundary Layer Characteristics01:18

Boundary Layer Characteristics

When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...
Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata02:04

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.
Vector Forms of Green’s Theorem01:26

Vector Forms of Green’s Theorem

The study of fluid motion often involves understanding how local rotational behavior relates to global circulation. In the context of a pond with pollutants, direct measurement of water movement along an irregular shoreline can be impractical. Green’s Theorem in vector form provides an alternative by relating the circulation around a closed boundary to properties of the flow within the enclosed region.Measurements of water velocity at different points define a continuous vector field that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Methods for Performing Crosses in Setaria viridis, a New Model System for the Grasses
08:35

Methods for Performing Crosses in Setaria viridis, a New Model System for the Grasses

Published on: October 1, 2013

A porous convection model for grass patterns.

Sally E Thompson1, Karen E Daniels

  • 1Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA. set8@duke.edu

The American Naturalist
|November 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Fluid flow, not just water competition, can create plant patterns. This study suggests fluid convection and chill damage explain small-scale vegetation patterns, challenging previous theories.

Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Spatial ecological patterns are often explained by Turing-type reaction-diffusion or scale-dependent feedback.
  • However, fluid flow instabilities can generate similar patterns through different mechanisms.
  • Previous hypotheses for small-scale vegetation patterns focused on water competition, typically associated with larger patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a new hypothesis for vegetation pattern formation involving fluid convection and chill damage.
  • To test this hypothesis against existing Turing-based models for small-scale vegetation patterns.
  • To investigate the mechanisms driving the formation of ecological patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Developing a new hypothesis linking fluid convection and chill damage to vegetation pattern formation.

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Methods for Performing Crosses in Setaria viridis, a New Model System for the Grasses
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Methods for Performing Crosses in Setaria viridis, a New Model System for the Grasses

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A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

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  • Comparing the predictions of this new hypothesis with observed natural grass patterns.
  • Evaluating the consistency of these findings with the Turing hypothesis.

    • Main Results:

    • The new hypothesis accurately predicted properties of natural grass patterns in North Carolina.
    • These findings contradicted the predictions of the Turing hypothesis for small-scale patterns.
    • The study demonstrated that similar pattern morphologies can arise from distinct underlying processes.

    Conclusions:

    • Similarities in ecological pattern morphology do not necessarily imply similar pattern-forming mechanisms.
    • Small-wavelength vegetation patterns may be generated by mechanisms distinct from those creating long-wavelength patterns.
    • Fluid instabilities should be considered a significant factor in the formation of ecological patterns.