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The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...
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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Particle Scale Anisotropy Controls Bulk Properties in Sheared Granular Materials.

Carmen L Lee1, Ephraim Bililign1,2, Emilien Azéma3,4,5

  • 1North Carolina State University, Department of Physics, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|September 22, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study experimentally validates the stress-force-fabric (SFF) relationship in granular materials. Particle-scale force and fabric anisotropies quantitatively predict bulk friction and stress tensor components.

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Area of Science:

  • Granular physics
  • Soft matter physics
  • Experimental mechanics

Background:

  • Dense granular material dynamics involve particle-scale and mesoscale effects.
  • Anisotropic structures like grain connectivity and force transmission influence bulk properties via the stress-force-fabric (SFF) relationship.
  • Experimental validation of these effects has been limited by challenges in measuring particle-scale forces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the link between particle-scale structural anisotropies and bulk properties in sheared granular systems.
  • To validate the quantitative predictive power of the stress-force-fabric (SFF) relationship in a laboratory setting.
  • To bridge the gap between theoretical models and experimental measurements of granular material behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Experiments conducted on a sheared photoelastic granular system in a quasi-2D annular cell.
  • Measurement of particle locations, contacts, and normal and frictional force vectors during loading.
  • Reconstruction of angular distributions of contact and force vectors to extract emergent anisotropies.

Main Results:

  • Successfully measured particle-scale force and contact vector distributions and their anisotropies.
  • Demonstrated that the stress-force-fabric (SFF) relationship quantitatively predicts the relationship between particle-scale anisotropies and the stress tensor components.
  • Showcased the SFF relationship's ability to capture transient behaviors and predict bulk friction coefficient.

Conclusions:

  • The stress-force-fabric (SFF) relationship is experimentally validated as a quantitative predictor of bulk properties in granular materials.
  • Particle-scale force and fabric anisotropies directly influence macroscopic behavior, as evidenced by the SFF relationship.
  • This study closes the gap between theoretical/numerical models and experimental observations in granular physics.