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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Development During Adolescence01:18

Cognitive Development During Adolescence

During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the recognition that people have...
Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition01:24

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition

A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are themselves.
Signs of Puberty01:27

Signs of Puberty

Puberty is a critical phase, typically beginning between the ages of 8 and 13 in girls and 9 and 14 in boys, though timing can vary based on genetics, environmental factors, and overall health. This period is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the attainment of reproductive potential. Endocrine changes underpin puberty, with hormonal surges of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) instigated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)...
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Social Defeat Stress Model for Adolescent C57BL/6 Male and Female Mice
07:15

Social Defeat Stress Model for Adolescent C57BL/6 Male and Female Mice

Published on: March 15, 2024

Sex differences in the adolescent brain.

Rhoshel K Lenroot1, Jay N Giedd

  • 1School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales and Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia. r.lenroot@unsw.edu.au

Brain and Cognition
|November 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Male and female brains show distinct structural and functional development during adolescence, with males having larger brains and differing trajectories, though these are group averages.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Human Biology

Background:

  • Adolescence is characterized by increasing sex differences in physical traits, behavior, and psychopathology risk.
  • Understanding sex-based brain development is crucial for interpreting cognitive and behavioral variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing data on sex differences in adolescent brain structure and function.
  • To highlight key findings from morphometric, diffusion imaging, and functional imaging studies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of morphometric studies reporting brain size and regional differences.
  • Analysis of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) data on white matter.
  • Examination of functional imaging studies (e.g., fMRI) assessing brain activation patterns.

Main Results:

  • Males exhibit larger overall brain size (9-12%) compared to females.
  • Consistent regional differences observed in basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala.
  • Sex differences in white matter development and distinct functional activation patterns suggest varied cognitive strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Adolescent brain development exhibits significant sex differences in structure, function, and developmental trajectories.
  • Females tend to reach peak brain volumes earlier than males.
  • Observed sex differences represent group averages and do not dictate individual capabilities.