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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): An Intervention Sequence
Published on: December 23, 2022
Failed closure of a ventricular septal defect with an Amplatzer occluder
Jens Wippermann1, Uta C Hoppe, Narayanswami Sreeram
1Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany. jens.wippermann@uk-koeln.de
Abstract:
A 74-year-old man was diagnosed to have a ventricular septal defect (VSD), which was detected shortly following transvenous pacemaker implantation. Transoesophageal echocardiography suggested the presence of two VSDs, one of which was closed with a device. At surgery, a single large VSD was seen, with the implanted device having embolised into the left ventricle. The defect was successfully closed using a pericardial patch, and the embolised device explanted.
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