Bacterial nanocellulose: biosynthesis, structural properties and vascular tissue engineering applications

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) via autologous vein or artery is still the gold standard surgery operative revascularization. However autologous vein/artery may represent some limitations like varicose veins or unavailability of veins due to reoperations especially in older patients. consequently, the research focus directed towards identification and characterization of biocompatible alternative material. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) as a natural material has gained substantial recognition in the research field of tissue engineering due to it exceptional attributes, including biocompatibility, enhanced mechanical properties, non-toxicity and unique physicochemical properties. Nevertheless, BNC is associated with some restrictions in endothelial cell adhesion and mimicking the physiochemical and mechanical properties of autologous vein as a promising alternative. To address these challenges, future research must focus on the development of BNC with controlled surface and mechanical characteristic. This review aims to address diverse aspect of controlling BNC production and methodologies in order to optimize the mechanical and physiochemical properties of grafts as an alternative in cardiovascular tissue engineering. Created with BioRender.com.