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Related Concept Videos

Pleural Effusion I: Introduction01:25

Pleural Effusion I: Introduction

Pleural effusion is an abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, a narrow space between the lungs and the chest wall. It is not a disease per se but rather a symptom or indication of an underlying disease. In normal circumstances, this space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), a lubricant facilitating the non-frictional movement of the pleural surfaces.
There are two main types of pleural effusion: transudative and exudative. They are differentiated using Light's criteria,...
Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management01:28

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

Pleural Effusion Overview
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:
Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...
Ultrasonography01:17

Ultrasonography

Ultrasonography is an imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the body's internal structures. It is a non-invasive and safe procedure that does not involve the use of ionizing radiation, making it widely used in various medical fields. Ultrasonography is used to study heart function, blood flow in the neck or extremities, certain conditions such as gallbladder disease, and fetal growth and development.
During an ultrasonography procedure, a handheld device called a...

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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Knee Arthrocentesis in Adults
04:41

Knee Arthrocentesis in Adults

Published on: February 25, 2022

Approach to knee effusions.

David J Mathison1, Stephen J Teach

  • 1Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA. dmathiso@cnmc.org

Pediatric Emergency Care
|November 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric knee effusions, often from trauma, require careful diagnosis. This review aids emergency providers in identifying causes of traumatic and atraumatic knee effusions in children.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Intra-articular knee effusion in children necessitates a broad differential diagnosis.
  • While trauma-induced hemarthrosis is common, numerous atraumatic causes exist.
  • Distinguishing infectious, rheumatologic, hematologic, and malignant etiologies is critical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse causes of pediatric knee effusions.
  • To highlight diagnostic features for both traumatic and atraumatic effusions.
  • To guide emergency providers in initial diagnosis and management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pediatric knee effusions.
  • Analysis of historical, physical examination, and laboratory findings.
  • Discussion of diagnostic approaches for various etiologies.

Main Results:

  • Pediatric knee effusions stem from both traumatic and atraumatic origins.
  • Key historical and clinical features aid in differentiating causes.
  • Laboratory tests are crucial for identifying specific underlying diseases.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic approach is essential for diagnosing pediatric knee effusions.
  • Recognizing specific clinical clues aids in distinguishing serious conditions.
  • Prompt and accurate diagnosis improves patient outcomes.