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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain
05:47

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Published on: October 22, 2016

Using EEG to explore how rTMS produces its effects on behavior.

Jeffrey S Johnson1, Massihullah Hamidi, Bradley R Postle

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53719, USA. jsjohnson3@wisc.edu

Brain Topography
|November 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Repetitive TMS (rTMS) may influence behavior by altering brain oscillations, not by creating virtual lesions. This study compared rTMS and flicker effects on neural activity, suggesting rTMS biases brain dynamics rather than causing simple entrainment.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Brain Stimulation

Background:

  • Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is often thought to create temporary "virtual lesions" in targeted brain areas.
  • However, observed performance improvements with rTMS challenge this view, suggesting alternative mechanisms.
  • Understanding how rTMS affects concurrent task performance is crucial for its therapeutic and research applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether rTMS influences neural activity by entraining brain oscillations or by biasing endogenous dynamics.
  • To differentiate the effects of rTMS from those of a non-invasive visual stimulus (luminance flicker) on neural activity and behavior.
  • To test the hypothesis that rTMS biases ongoing brain oscillations rather than creating a virtual lesion.

Main Methods:

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain
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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain

Published on: October 22, 2016

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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  • Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and behavioral recording during 10 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).
  • Comparison of EEG and behavioral data from the rTMS experiment with a parallel experiment using 10 Hz luminance flicker.
  • Analysis of oscillatory power, inter-trial coherence (ITC), and phase synchrony (alpha:gamma) in response to both stimulation types.

Main Results:

  • 10 Hz luminance flicker induced "entrainment noise" (increased power, ITC, and synchrony) largely uncorrelated with behavioral changes.
  • 10 Hz rTMS showed distinct patterns of neural activity, with elevated ITC at 30 Hz, differing from flicker effects.
  • EEG data revealed that rTMS effects on alpha band power and alpha:gamma phase synchrony predicted behavioral outcomes, unlike flicker effects.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest that rTMS influences cognitive tasks by biasing endogenous neural oscillations, rather than creating virtual lesions or solely through entrainment.
  • Luminance flicker, while causing neural entrainment, did not significantly impact behavior, highlighting differences in stimulation mechanisms.
  • Simultaneous EEG recording provides a powerful tool to directly assess the neural mechanisms underlying rTMS effects on behavior.