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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology01:18

Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology

Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial and alveolar spaces of the lungs, impairing gas exchange and oxygen delivery. It may be cardiogenic or noncardiogenic, but both reduce oxygenation and lung compliance.Cardiogenic Pulmonary EdemaCardiogenic edema results from increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries, usually due to left ventricular dysfunction from myocardial infarction, heart failure, or valvular disease. Ineffective cardiac pumping causes blood to...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:

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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition
09:17

Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition

Published on: March 3, 2023

Flash pulmonary edema.

Stefano F Rimoldi1, Melana Yuzefpolskaya, Yves Allemann

  • 1Swiss Cardiovascular Center Bern, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland. stefano.rimoldi@insel.ch

Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
|November 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flash pulmonary edema (FPE) involves dramatic acute decompensated heart failure. Endothelial dysfunction and renal artery stenosis are key contributors, distinct from general heart failure mechanisms.

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Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Piglet
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Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Piglet

Published on: November 4, 2015

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition
09:17

Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition

Published on: March 3, 2023

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Piglet
09:22

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Piglet

Published on: November 4, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology and Pulmonary Medicine
  • Clinical Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Flash pulmonary edema (FPE) is a severe manifestation of acute decompensated heart failure.
  • Established heart failure risk factors like hypertension and coronary ischemia are linked to FPE.
  • Endothelial dysfunction and specific hemodynamic patterns are implicated in FPE pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the clinical and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying FPE.
  • To differentiate FPE from general acute decompensated heart failure in terms of pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing existing clinical and pathophysiological data on FPE.
  • Analysis of risk factors including endothelial dysfunction, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, nitric oxide synthesis, endothelin, catecholamines, renal artery stenosis, and blood pressure variations.

Main Results:

  • Endothelial dysfunction, potentially driven by hormonal and neurotransmitter imbalances, increases pulmonary capillary permeability, contributing to FPE.
  • Bilateral renal artery stenosis is identified as a frequent cause of FPE.
  • Lack of diurnal blood pressure variation and widened pulse pressure are significant risk factors for FPE.

Conclusions:

  • FPE involves distinct pathophysiological pathways, including endothelial dysfunction and renal artery stenosis, differentiating it from typical acute decompensated heart failure.
  • Understanding these specific mechanisms is crucial for accurate diagnosis and targeted therapeutic strategies for FPE.