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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

Neural systems for reading aloud: a multiparametric approach.

William W Graves1, Rutvik Desai, Colin Humphries

  • 1Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|November 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Reading aloud uses distinct brain pathways for direct spelling-to-sound mapping and for accessing word meaning. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify these separate neural systems.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Psycholinguistics

Background:

  • Reading aloud requires mapping visual word forms to spoken sounds.
  • This process may involve direct orthography-phonology connections or an indirect route through meaning (orthography-to-meaning-to-phonology).
  • Previous research often conflated lexical factors, hindering the understanding of distinct neural underpinnings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To disentangle the neural correlates of direct orthography-phonology mapping and semantic access during reading aloud.
  • To investigate the independent effects of lexical properties on brain systems involved in reading.
  • To utilize functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with carefully selected stimuli to address intercorrelations among lexical factors.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed to observe brain activity during reading aloud.
  • Lexical properties (e.g., word frequency, length, consistency, imageability) were decorrelated through meticulous stimulus selection.
  • Analysis focused on identifying distinct neural systems associated with different reading processes.

Main Results:

  • Direct orthography-to-phonology mapping engaged specific brain regions, including the left supramarginal gyrus, posterior middle temporal gyrus, and fusiform gyrus.
  • Semantic processing activated distinct areas: left middle temporal gyrus/inferior-temporal sulcus, bilateral angular gyrus, and precuneus/posterior cingulate.
  • Left inferior frontal regions showed increased activation related to task load, suggesting roles in executive functions.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first clear evidence within a single investigation for separate neural systems underlying orthography-phonology mapping and semantic access in reading aloud.
  • The findings elucidate the distinct neural pathways involved in different components of the reading process.
  • Understanding these separate systems advances our knowledge of the neural basis of language and reading.