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Related Concept Videos

Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...
Encoding01:19

Encoding

Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of information more...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Detecting Pre-Stimulus Source-Level Effects on Object Perception with Magnetoencephalography
09:25

Detecting Pre-Stimulus Source-Level Effects on Object Perception with Magnetoencephalography

Published on: July 26, 2019

Phase-dependent neuronal coding of objects in short-term memory.

Markus Siegel1, Melissa R Warden, Earl K Miller

  • 1The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. siegelm@mit.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|November 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neural oscillations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) help monkeys remember multiple objects. Information about memorized items is encoded at specific phases of rhythmic neuronal activity, aiding short-term memory.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Holding multiple objects in short-term memory is crucial for intelligent behavior.
  • The neural mechanisms underlying the capacity for multiple object memory are not well understood.
  • Oscillatory activity across neuronal populations is hypothesized to support multi-item memory, but direct evidence is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of neuronal oscillations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) for holding multiple objects in short-term memory.
  • To determine if information about memorized objects is phase-dependently encoded by neuronal activity.
  • To explore how the temporal dynamics of neural activity might differentiate between multiple items.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded neuronal activity from the prefrontal cortices of monkeys performing a short-term memory task involving two visual objects.
  • Analyzed population activity for rhythmic synchronization at specific frequencies during the memory interval.
  • Examined the phase-dependent information content of neuronal spikes regarding the memorized objects.

Main Results:

  • Prefrontal population activity exhibited rhythmic synchronization around 32 Hz and 3 Hz during the memory interval.
  • Neuronal spikes carried the most information about the memorized objects at specific phases of these oscillations.
  • The optimal encoding phase for the first presented object occurred earlier in the 32 Hz cycle than for the second object.

Conclusions:

  • Oscillatory neuronal synchronization in the PFC mediates a phase-dependent coding of multiple objects in short-term memory.
  • Distinct encoding phases within oscillatory cycles may facilitate the disambiguation of information about multiple items.
  • This phase-dependent coding mechanism provides direct evidence for the role of neural oscillations in supporting multi-item working memory.