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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
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Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

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Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
06:09

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Published on: March 12, 2021

Little league shoulder.

Daryl C Osbahr1, Han Jo Kim, Jeffrey R Dugas

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 310 East 71st Street, Apt 3H, New York, NY 10021, USA. osbahrd@hss.edu

Current Opinion in Pediatrics
|November 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Little league shoulder, common in young athletes aged 11-16, is best managed through prevention. Treatment involves rest and a gradual throwing program for a successful return to play.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Pediatric Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Little league shoulder is a common overuse injury in young throwing athletes.
  • It affects the proximal humeral epiphysis due to repetitive stress during throwing motions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current literature on little league shoulder.
  • To cover etiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on little league shoulder.
  • Analysis of biomechanical studies related to youth throwing athletes.
  • Examination of diagnostic and treatment protocols.

Main Results:

  • The maximum external rotation phase of throwing generates the highest torque, contributing to little league shoulder.
  • Prevention targets include addressing prior shoulder pain, mechanical variability, and adherence to throwing guidelines.
  • Current management has not changed significantly, with a focus on biomechanics and prevention.

Conclusions:

  • Little league shoulder typically affects athletes aged 11–16.
  • Diagnosis is confirmed via clinical evaluation and imaging.
  • Prevention is the most effective management strategy; nonoperative treatment with rest and a progressive throwing program is successful.