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Related Concept Videos

Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Glucose control and its implications for the general surgeon.

Maya Leggett1, Brian G Harbrecht

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.

The American Surgeon
|November 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Tight glucose control in critically ill surgical patients remains unproven. Moderate control is advised to balance hyperglycemia risks and hypoglycemia harms until further trials clarify optimal blood sugar targets.

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Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
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Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice

Published on: January 26, 2024

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
07:35

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice

Published on: January 26, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Surgical Patient Management
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Conflicting data exist regarding optimal glucose control in critically ill surgical patients.
  • Previous studies suggest potential benefits of tight glucose control, but evidence remains inconclusive.
  • Hyperglycemia in the ICU may have detrimental effects, necessitating careful management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the current evidence and provide guidance on glucose control strategies for critically ill general surgery patients.
  • To address the uncertainty surrounding the optimal blood glucose target range in this patient population.
  • To highlight the need for further prospective randomized trials.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and clinical trial data on glucose control in ICU settings.
  • Analysis of the Van den Berghe model and its applicability to general surgery patients.
  • Consideration of technical and environmental factors influencing glucose management in the ICU.

Main Results:

  • Tight glucose control (80-110 mg/dL) is an unproven hypothesis requiring confirmation in diverse ICU populations.
  • Sustained hyperglycemia (180-200 mg/dL) may be harmful, suggesting a need for improved glucose control.
  • Hypoglycemia presents a significant risk that must be carefully avoided during glucose management.

Conclusions:

  • Moderate glucose control is currently recommended for critically ill general surgery patients, balancing hyperglycemia risks and hypoglycemia harms.
  • Further prospective randomized trials are essential to establish definitive glucose control guidelines.
  • Clinical practice should account for complex ICU environments and technical variability in glucose monitoring.