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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
Blind Procedures02:07

Blind Procedures

Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which child was...
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
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[PainVision].

Shigeo Ikeno1, Mikito Kawamata

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621.

Masui. the Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology
|November 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Quantifying pain intensity is challenging. A new device, PainVision, uses painless electrical stimulation to measure pain degree, correlating well with visual analogue scale ratings for intra-individual pain management assessment.

Area of Science:

  • Pain research
  • Biomedical engineering
  • Quantitative sensory testing

Background:

  • Assessing pain intensity objectively remains a significant clinical challenge.
  • Current pain assessment methods often rely on subjective patient reporting.
  • There is a need for reliable tools for quantitative pain measurement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of a novel device, PainVision (PS-2100), for quantitative pain intensity measurement.
  • To assess the correlation between PainVision-derived pain degree and subjective pain ratings.
  • To determine the utility of PainVision for intra-individual pain assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized painless electrical stimulation with the PainVision PS-2100 device.
  • Calculated pain degree based on current perception threshold and pain compatible electrical current.

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  • Compared PainVision measurements with visual analogue scale (VAS) pain intensity ratings.

    • Main Results:

    • The pain degree calculated by PainVision demonstrated a significant positive correlation with VAS pain intensity.
    • Inter-individual differences in measured values were observed.
    • The device provides a quantitative measure of pain intensity.

    Conclusions:

    • PainVision is a promising device for the quantitative measurement of pain intensity.
    • The device shows potential for intra-individual comparison of pain before and after interventions.
    • Further research may validate its use in diverse clinical settings.