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Related Concept Videos

Shearing Stress01:18

Shearing Stress

Shearing stress, denoted by the Greek letter tau (τ), is stress caused by forces acting transversely on an object. These forces create internal ones within the entity in the plane where the external forces are applied. The resultant of these internal forces is the shear in the section.
The average shearing stress can be calculated by dividing the shear by the area of the cross-section.
Relation Between the Distributed Load and Shear01:23

Relation Between the Distributed Load and Shear

Understanding the relationship between the distributed load and shear force in structural analysis is crucial for analyzing beams subjected to various loading conditions. Consider the case of a beam experiencing a distributed load, two concentrated loads, and a couple moment.
Shearing Strain01:20

Shearing Strain

The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...
Unsoundness of Aggregate due to Volume Change01:26

Unsoundness of Aggregate due to Volume Change

Unsoundness in aggregates due to volume changes is primarily caused by the physical alterations aggregates undergo, such as freezing and thawing, thermal changes, and wetting and drying. Unsound aggregates, when subjected to these changes, result in volume change upon disintegration. This, in turn, contributes to the deterioration of concrete, including scaling, pop-outs, and cracking. Particular types of aggregates, such as porous flints, cherts, and those containing clay minerals, are...
Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses01:20

Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses

As discussed in previous lessons, strain energy in a material is the energy stored when it is elastically deformed, a concept crucial in materials science and mechanical engineering. This energy results from the internal work done against the cohesive forces within the material. When a material undergoes shearing stress and corresponding shearing strain, the strain energy density, which is the energy stored per unit volume, is calculated. Within the elastic limit, where the stress is...
Shear Diagram01:27

Shear Diagram

In the study of beam mechanics, shear diagrams play a crucial role in understanding the distribution of shear forces along the length of a beam. Consider a beam AB that is supported at both ends and subjected to perpendicular loads.
First, a free-body diagram of the beam is drawn, representing all the external forces and internal reactions acting on the beam. One can calculate the reaction forces at each support by employing the equilibrium equations of force and moment. The vertical component...

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Generation of Aggregates of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells that Show Symmetry Breaking, Polarization and Emergent Collective Behaviour In Vitro
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Shear-induced APAP de-agglomeration.

Marcos Llusa1, Michael Levin, Ronald D Snee

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.

Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy
|November 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Investigating acetaminophen (APAP) agglomeration, this study found that mechanical stress, particularly strain, effectively reduces agglomerate size and number. Finer APAP grades and excipient type influence de-agglomeration, impacting solid product compliance.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Active pharmaceutical ingredient agglomerates pose regulatory compliance challenges in solid dosage forms.
  • Controlling agglomeration is crucial for consistent drug product quality and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of shear rate, strain, excipient type, and acetaminophen (APAP) grade on APAP de-agglomeration.
  • To understand the mechanisms governing APAP de-agglomeration under mechanical stress.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a shear-controlled environment to test six blends of three APAP grades and two excipient types.
  • Exposed blends to 10 combinations of shear rate and strain, followed by sifting and weighing of APAP agglomerates.

Main Results:

  • Finer APAP grades resulted in a higher initial number of agglomerates.
  • De-agglomeration was primarily driven by strain, with shear rate having a minor additional effect.
  • Excipient type influenced de-agglomeration significantly only for the finest APAP grade.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanical stress, specifically strain, effectively reduces the size and number of APAP agglomerates.
  • Higher shear rates contribute to de-agglomeration, but strain is the dominant factor.
  • Formulation strategies involving higher shear rates and strain can mitigate APAP agglomeration, with finer APAP grades requiring careful consideration.