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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

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Related Experiment Video

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High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes
09:44

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Published on: March 3, 2015

Do all modifications benefit all tRNAs?

Eric M Phizicky1, Juan D Alfonzo

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. eric_phizicky@urmc.rochester.edu

FEBS Letters
|November 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Some transfer RNA (tRNA) modifications may have minor roles, as some tRNAs lacking them are degraded while others are not. This suggests potential redundancy in tRNA modification pathways.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Transfer RNA (tRNA) modifications are crucial for cellular function.
  • The role of specific tRNA modifications in tRNA stability and function is not fully understood.
  • Some tRNAs lacking modifications are degraded, while others are resistant, indicating complex regulatory mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a model explaining the differential stability of tRNAs lacking specific modifications.
  • To investigate the potential redundancy of certain tRNA modifications.
  • To reconcile the observed variability in tRNA stability with known modification enzyme specificities.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of tRNA stability under various conditions.
  • Assessment of tRNA modification enzyme specificity.
  • Literature review on tRNA modification pathways and enzyme kinetics.

Main Results:

  • A model is proposed where some tRNA modifications may play minor or redundant roles.
  • This model aligns with the observed low specificity of certain tRNA modification enzymes.
  • Enzyme specificity can be enhanced by substrate recognition and cellular localization.

Conclusions:

  • Some tRNA modifications might not be essential for all tRNAs, suggesting functional redundancy.
  • The specificity of tRNA modification enzymes is complex and context-dependent.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the roles and regulation of tRNA modifications.