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Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
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DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection
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Published on: January 21, 2021

Neurologic presentations of AIDS.

Elyse J Singer1, Miguel Valdes-Sueiras, Deborah Commins

  • 1Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 11645 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 770, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA. esinger@ucla.edu

Neurologic Clinics
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PubMed
Summary

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS and neurologic disease by invading the central nervous system (CNS). This review details HIV-associated neurologic syndromes, including primary, secondary, and treatment-related conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic impacts millions globally, causing AIDS and associated conditions like immunodeficiency, neoplasia, and neurologic disease.
  • There is growing interest in neuroinfectious diseases due to the HIV epidemic's evolution, with significant implications for understanding central nervous system (CNS) disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the spectrum of HIV-associated neurologic syndromes.
  • To classify these syndromes based on their relationship to HIV infection and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of HIV-associated neurologic conditions.
  • Classification of syndromes into primary HIV neurologic disease, secondary/opportunistic neurologic disease, and treatment-related neurologic disease.

Main Results:

  • HIV is neuroinvasive, neurotrophic, and neurovirulent, capable of affecting the CNS.
  • Primary HIV neurologic disease occurs when HIV directly causes illness.
  • Secondary disease involves opportunistic infections and tumors resulting from HIV and other pathogens.
  • Treatment-related syndromes, like immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), are also discussed.

Conclusions:

  • HIV significantly impacts the nervous system, leading to diverse neurologic syndromes.
  • Understanding these classifications is crucial for managing HIV patients and related CNS conditions.
  • This review provides a framework for studying CNS tumors, dementias, and neuropathies in immunocompromised individuals.