Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction01:24

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

Generalization, discrimination, and extinction are key concepts in operant conditioning that influence how behaviors are learned and maintained.
Generalization occurs when a behavior reinforced in one context is performed in similar situations. For instance, a student who studies diligently for calculus and receives excellent grades might apply the same study habits to psychology and history, expecting similar results. Generalization shows how learning in one setting can influence behavior in...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect01:26

Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect

The similarity-dissimilarity effect, a fundamental concept in social psychology, explains how interpersonal similarities and differences influence attraction and social interactions. This effect is supported by three key psychological perspectives: balance theory, social comparison theory, and consensual validation.Balance Theory and Cognitive ConsistencyBalance theory, developed by Fritz Heider, posits that individuals seek cognitive consistency in their relationships. When two people share...
Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
Higher-order, or second-order, conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings. For instance, if a dog has been...
Sum and Difference OpAmps01:22

Sum and Difference OpAmps

Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are versatile devices that extend beyond amplification. In this context, two specific op-amp configurations are explored: the summing and difference amplifiers.
A summing amplifier, or an adder, utilizes an op-amp to merge multiple input signals into a single output signal. When audio signals are introduced into its input channels, the input resistors initiate currents that traverse feedback resistors, resulting in an output voltage. Applying Kirchhoff's current...
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Neural insights into observational drawing: A longitudinal resting state functional connectivity study using 7 t MRI.

Brain and cognition·2025
Same author

Evaluating effects of aging on dog olfactory performance.

GeroScience·2025
Same author

Beyond the human touch: A critical review of the promise and challenges of animal- and robot-assisted therapy in loneliness and mental healthcare.

Asian journal of psychiatry·2025
Same author

Characterizing TV viewing habits in companion dogs.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

The effect of arousal during and post-training on memory consolidation in detection dogs.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

Testing behavioral flexibility in pigeons using conditional midsession reversal tasks.

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice
08:35

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

Published on: January 22, 2016

Differential outcomes facilitate same/different concept learning.

Kelly A Schmidtke1, Jeffrey S Katz, Anthony A Wright

  • 1Department of Psychology, Auburn University, 226 Thach Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA. schmike@auburn.edu

Animal Cognition
|November 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Training pigeons with differential outcomes improved abstract concept learning. This study shows for the first time that varied rewards enhance relational strategies in pigeons, aiding concept acquisition.

More Related Videos

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
07:34

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice
08:35

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

Published on: January 22, 2016

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
07:34

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Training procedures significantly influence learning outcomes.
  • The differential-outcome effect, where varied rewards enhance learning, is established for item-specific strategies but not for relational strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if differential outcomes can facilitate abstract-concept learning, specifically relational strategies.
  • To determine if varied reward expectancies improve pigeons' ability to learn abstract concepts.

Main Methods:

  • Eight pigeons were trained on a two-item same/different visual task.
  • Two groups received either differential outcomes (varied sounds/food amounts) or same outcomes during training.
  • Pigeons were trained with incrementally larger picture sets and tested for transfer with novel stimuli.

Main Results:

  • Initially, neither group showed transfer of learning to novel stimuli with small training sets.
  • After training with 32 pictures, the differential-outcomes group demonstrated superior accuracy with novel pictures compared to the same-outcome group.
  • As training set size increased, transfer performance improved and became equivalent for both groups.

Conclusions:

  • Differential outcomes can facilitate abstract-concept learning, particularly relational strategies.
  • Varied reward expectancies enhance the generalization of learned concepts in pigeons.
  • The impact of differential outcomes on relational learning is dependent on task complexity and training set size.