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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Ulcerative Colitis01:20

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon characterized by continuous mucosal inflammation that typically begins in the rectum and extends proximally in a uniform pattern. Its pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and environmental influences. These factors converge to impair the colon’s epithelial defenses and promote an exaggerated inflammatory response against luminal contents.Breakdown of the Mucosal BarrierA...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic, systemic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that predominantly affects the gastrointestinal tract. It is marked by transmural...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:20

Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses two major chronic disorders—ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease—each characterized by relapsing episodes of gastrointestinal inflammation. Although they share certain clinical features, their patterns of involvement and manifestations differ in ways that aid diagnosis and guide management.Ulcerative ColitisUlcerative colitis is limited to the colon and rectum and involves continuous inflammation of the mucosal layer. The disease course is marked...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
07:06

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Published on: December 8, 2014

C. difficile colitis--predictors of fatal outcome.

Haig Dudukgian1, Ester Sie, Claudia Gonzalez-Ruiz

  • 1Department of Colorectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.

Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery : Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract
|November 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Identifying negative prognostic factors for Clostridium difficile colitis (CDC) is crucial for patient outcomes. Higher APACHE II scores, sepsis, and organ dysfunction significantly correlate with increased mortality in CDC patients.

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Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
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Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
07:06

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Published on: December 8, 2014

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
06:51

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Surgical Critical Care

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile colitis (CDC) presents a wide clinical spectrum, from mild diarrhea to life-threatening conditions.
  • The underlying pathophysiology driving this variability is not fully understood.
  • Early surgical intervention, such as total abdominal colectomy, can be lifesaving if performed before irreversible disease progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify negative prognostic factors associated with mortality in patients with Clostridium difficile colitis (CDC).
  • To aid in optimizing clinical and operative management strategies for CDC.
  • To improve patient outcomes by recognizing predictors of severe disease.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of in-patients diagnosed with CDC between 1999 and 2006.
  • Inclusion criteria: positive ELISA toxin or biopsy; exclusion: negative ELISA.
  • Data collected: demographics, comorbidities, APACHE II score, clinical and laboratory findings; endpoints: mortality and cure. Regression analysis used to identify mortality predictors.

Main Results:

  • Mortality in the cohort of 398 patients was 10.3%.
  • Significant predictors of mortality included higher APACHE II score, higher ASA class, lower diastolic blood pressure, pre-existing pulmonary/renal disease, steroid use, toxic megacolon, elevated WBCs, and signs of sepsis/organ dysfunction.
  • Surgical intervention (14 patients) had a high mortality rate (35.7%), with fatalities often not undergoing surgery (87.8% of deaths).

Conclusions:

  • Several clinical factors are significantly associated with mortality in CDC.
  • Further research should investigate disease progression and outcomes related to surgical intervention timing.
  • Earlier surgical intervention may be critical for improving survival rates in severe CDC cases.