Engineering allosteric regulation into biological catalysts

Enzymes and ribozymes constitute two classes of biological catalysts. The activity of many natural enzymes is regulated by the binding of ligands that have different structures than their substrates; these ligands are consequently called allosteric effectors. In most allosteric enzymes, the allosteric binding site lies far away from the active site. This implies that communication pathways must exist between these sites. While mechanisms of allosteric regulation were developed more than forty years ago, they continue to be revisited regularly. The improved understanding of these mechanisms has led in the past two decades to projects to transform several unregulated enzymes into allosterically regulated ones either by rational design or directed evolution techniques. More recently, ribozymes have also been the object of similar successful engineering efforts. In this review, after briefly summarising recent progress in the theories of allosteric regulation, several strategies to engineer allosteric regulations in enzymes and ribozymes are described and compared. These redesigned biological catalysts find applications in a variety of areas.