Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Thoracic Cage: Sternum01:17

The Thoracic Cage: Sternum

The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
The sternum is the elongated bony structure on the anterior side of the thoracic cage. It consists of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.
Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Muscles of the Thorax01:25

Muscles of the Thorax

The thorax muscles are central to the body's respiration and provide essential support and movement for the upper body. They are intricately designed to facilitate the complex breathing process while also contributing to the structural integrity and mobility of the chest and upper limbs.
The diaphragm is at the core of thoracic musculature, the primary muscle involved in breathing. This expansive, dome-shaped muscle marks the division between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It originates...
The Mammary Glands01:12

The Mammary Glands

The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
Each breast features a pigmented projection known as the nipple, through which milk emerges via closely spaced openings of ducts, referred to as lactiferous ducts. Surrounding the nipple is a circular pigmented area of skin named the areola, which appears rough due to...
Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
Angina III: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment01:29

Angina III: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment

Angina manifests as chest pain, tightness, or squeezing discomfort typically located behind the breastbone. It can radiate to the neck, jaw, shoulders, and inner aspects of the upper arms, most commonly the left arm. Patients may experience shortness of breath, fatigue, profuse sweating, dizziness, indigestion, heartburn, palpitations, anxiety, and vomiting as accompanying symptoms. This pain often lasts a few minutes and is triggered by physical exertion, emotional stress, heavy meals, or cold...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Gramado consensus on imaging evaluation of the response to neoadjuvant systemic therapy for breast cancer.

Radiologia brasileira·2026
Same author

Breast cancer in women 40-50 and over 70 years of age: the need for screening in Brazil.

Radiologia brasileira·2026
Same author

Multimodality imaging of breast tissue expanders: Types, MRI Safety and Complications.

The British journal of radiology·2026
Same author

The LELEX initiative to enhance cancer imaging communication: development of a consensus-based structured reporting template and lexicon for general oncologic imaging.

Radiologia brasileira·2026
Same author

MRI response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and prognostic implications in breast cancer patients.

The British journal of radiology·2026
Same author

Diagnostic performance of MRI in predicting pathological response in patients with triple-negative breast carcinomas undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy.

European radiology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Single-port Non-liposuction Endoscopic Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in Breast Cancer Surgery
11:49

Single-port Non-liposuction Endoscopic Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in Breast Cancer Surgery

Published on: April 3, 2026

[Sternalis muscle simulating a breast nodule].

Elvira Ferreira Marques1, Juliana Alves Souza, Luciana Graziano

  • 1Setor de Mamografia, Departamento de Imagem, Hospital A. C. Camargo - São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

Revista Brasileira De Ginecologia E Obstetricia : Revista Da Federacao Brasileira Das Sociedades De Ginecologia E Obstetricia
|November 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Sternal muscle, a normal thoracic wall variation, can mimic breast lesions. Awareness of this anatomical variant is crucial for accurate breast imaging diagnosis.

More Related Videos

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
13:35

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Published on: May 17, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Single-port Non-liposuction Endoscopic Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in Breast Cancer Surgery
11:49

Single-port Non-liposuction Endoscopic Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in Breast Cancer Surgery

Published on: April 3, 2026

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
13:35

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Published on: May 17, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Anatomy
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Sternalis muscle is an anatomical variation of the thoracic wall muscles.
  • It is present in 2-8% of the population.
  • This variation can mimic breast lesions on imaging.

Observation:

  • Three asymptomatic female patients presented with nodular breast lesions.
  • Lesions were located in the medial quadrants on mammography or CT.
  • Imaging confirmed sternalis muscle as an elongated parasternal structure.

Findings:

  • Sternalis muscle can be mistaken for a breast mass.
  • Computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed the diagnosis.
  • Accurate diagnosis relies on recognizing this anatomical variant.

Implications:

  • Radiologists and clinicians must be aware of the sternalis muscle variation.
  • Knowledge of this variant prevents misdiagnosis of breast cancer.
  • This understanding improves diagnostic accuracy in breast imaging.