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Open and closed-loop control systems

Open and closed-loop control systems

Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
An open-loop control system operates without feedback from the output. It consists of two primary elements: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal and...

Controller Configurations

Controller Configurations

Controller configurations are crucial in a car's cruise control system because they manage speed over time to maintain a consistent pace regardless of road conditions, thereby meeting design goals. In traditional control systems, fixed-configuration design involves predetermined controller placement. System performance modifications are known as compensation.
Control-system compensation involves various configurations, most commonly series or cascade compensation, in which the controller aligns...

Control Systems

Control Systems

Control systems are everywhere in contemporary society, influencing diverse applications from aerospace to automated manufacturing. These systems can be found naturally within biological processes, such as blood sugar regulation and heart rate adjustment in response to stress, as well as in man-made systems like elevators and automated vehicles. A control system is essentially a network of subsystems and processes that collaboratively convert specific inputs into desired outputs.
At the heart...

Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control

Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control

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Effects of feedback

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Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...

Control System Problem

Control System Problem

In an open-loop system, such as a basic thermostat, the poles of the transfer function influence the system's response but do not determine its stability. However, when feedback is introduced to form a closed-loop system, such as an advanced thermostat that adjusts heating based on room temperature, stability is governed by the new poles of the closed-loop transfer function.
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Related Experiment Video

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An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

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Published on: March 10, 2011

Open-loop, closed-loop and compensatory control: performance improvement under pressure in a rhythmic task.

Felix Ehrlenspiel¹, Kunlin Wei, Dagmar Sternad

¹Department of Sports Science, Technische Universität München, Connollystrasse 32, 80809, Munich, Germany. ehrlenspiel@sp.tum.de

Experimental Brain Research

|November 28, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Psychological pressure can improve ball-bouncing performance by enhancing compensatory control, contrary to explicit monitoring theories. Continuous rhythmic tasks may be less susceptible to choking under stress.

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Area of Science:

Motor Control
Cognitive Psychology
Sports Science

Background:

Explicit monitoring theories suggest choking under pressure occurs when attention shifts to skill execution, disrupting automaticity.
Perceptually guided control may interfere with automatic skill execution, leading to performance decrements under stress.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate sensorimotor control changes during a rhythmic ball-bouncing task under psychological pressure.
To test the hypothesis that pressure-induced explicit monitoring leads to decreased performance via over-emphasis on closed-loop control.

Main Methods:

Two experiments involving a ball-bouncing task with varying difficulty levels.
Psychological stress induced through a simulated competitive environment.
Quantification of sensorimotor control indicators, including open-loop, closed-loop, and compensatory control.

Main Results:

Contrary to hypotheses, performance accuracy and consistency improved under psychological pressure.
Compensatory control increased under pressure, while open- and closed-loop indicators remained largely unchanged.
In more difficult conditions, enhanced performance was linked to more active closed-loop and less passive control.

Conclusions:

The findings challenge explicit monitoring theories regarding choking under pressure in continuous rhythmic tasks.
Task demands and the continuous rhythmic nature of ball bouncing may mitigate performance decrements under stress.
Continuous rhythmic tasks might be less prone to psychological stress interference compared to discrete tasks.