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Related Concept Videos

Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning because...
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning
14:38

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

The neural basis of visual object learning.

Hans P Op de Beeck1, Chris I Baker

  • 1Laboratory of Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (K.U.Leuven), Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. hans.opdebeeck@psy.kuleuven.be <hans.opdebeeck@psy.kuleuven.be>

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|December 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adult visual experience causes moderate, distributed changes in the brain, modulating existing neural object representations rather than creating dramatic local ones. This impacts our understanding of neural information processing.

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning
14:38

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Published on: November 2, 2012

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Primate Vision

Background:

  • Object vision in primates is a key example of adult neural plasticity.
  • Previous hypotheses suggested visual experience creates highly selective neurons and brain regions for familiar objects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review neurophysiological and neuroimaging evidence on adult visual experience and neural object representations.
  • To challenge the view of dramatic, local changes in the visual cortex.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing neurophysiological studies in monkeys.
  • Review of neuroimaging studies in humans.

Main Results:

  • Adult visual experience induces moderate, distributed effects on neural object representations.
  • These effects modulate, rather than replace, pre-existing neural structures.

Conclusions:

  • The adult visual cortex exhibits flexible and rich object representations.
  • Neural plasticity in object vision is characterized by modulation of existing representations, not solely by the creation of new, localized ones.