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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
The hypothalamus interacts with other brain regions, including the pituitary gland, through a direct physical connection called the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hypothalamus receives somatic and visceral inputs and...
Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions

The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the subthalamic...
Primary Motives: Hunger and Thirst01:25

Primary Motives: Hunger and Thirst

Hunger and thirst are fundamental physiological drives crucial for maintaining homeostasis and ensuring the survival of both humans and animals. These drives are regulated through complex interactions between the brain, hormones, and sensory receptors.
Hunger arises when the brain detects changes in the body's nutrient levels, including glucose, lipids, amino acids, and hormones such as ghrelin and leptin. The hypothalamus plays a central role in hunger regulation. The lateral hypothalamus acts...
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.

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Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System
04:48

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

Published on: May 8, 2018

Hypothalamic-brainstem circuits controlling eating.

James E Blevins, Denis G Baskin

    Forum of Nutrition
    |December 4, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Leptin amplifies gut signals in the brain to reduce appetite. This research explores hypothalamic and brainstem circuits involved in leptin

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Endocrinology
    • Appetite Regulation

    Background:

    • Neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus are key responders to leptin, influencing eating and energy expenditure.
    • Gastrointestinal signals during meals reach the brainstem, affecting meal timing, size, and food intake.
    • Leptin enhances gut satiation signals, like cholecystokinin (CCK), to promote anorexia.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the neural circuits connecting the hypothalamus and brainstem.
    • To elucidate the interaction between leptin and meal-control signals.
    • To understand how these interactions regulate food intake.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current knowledge on hypothalamic-brainstem neural circuits.
    • Analysis of leptin's role in amplifying gastrointestinal satiation signals.
    • Focus on the arcuate nucleus's function in integrating these signals.

    Main Results:

    • Leptin's anorexic effects are partly mediated by enhancing the impact of intestinal satiation signals.
    • The arcuate nucleus plays a crucial role in amplifying signals like CCK.
    • Specific neural pathways between the hypothalamus and brainstem are involved in this integration.

    Conclusions:

    • Leptin and gut signals converge on hypothalamic and brainstem circuits to control food intake.
    • Understanding these circuits is vital for comprehending appetite regulation.
    • This interaction highlights a key mechanism for leptin's effect on satiety.