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Related Concept Videos

Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Overview
Long-patch Base Excision Repair01:02

Long-patch Base Excision Repair

Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:
Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity01:25

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...
Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...

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Porous Substrate-Based Electroporation with Transepithelial Electrical Impedance Monitoring
08:06

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Published on: September 27, 2024

Electroporating fields target oxidatively damaged areas in the cell membrane.

P Thomas Vernier1, Zachary A Levine, Yu-Hsuan Wu

  • 1Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America. vernier@mosis.com

Plos One
|December 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Oxidizing cell membranes makes them more susceptible to electroporation, a process used to deliver substances into cells. This finding could improve cell permeabilization for lab and clinical uses.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • Reversible electropermeabilization (electroporation) is a key technique for introducing molecules into cells.
  • Optimizing electroporation is hindered by incomplete understanding of plasma membrane electropermeabilization at the molecular level.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying electropermeabilization.
  • To determine if membrane oxidation influences cellular susceptibility to electroporation.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular dynamics simulations of model membranes.
  • Experimental electroporation assays on living cells.

Main Results:

  • Oxidation of membrane components significantly increases membrane susceptibility to electroporation.
  • Oxidative stress levels directly correlate with enhanced membrane permeabilization.

Conclusions:

  • Membrane oxidation is a critical factor enhancing electropermeabilization.
  • Modulating oxidative stress offers a novel strategy to improve electroporation efficiency in research and clinical settings like electrochemotherapy and gene therapy.