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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.Positive Frequency-Dependent SelectionIn positive...
Hardy-Weinberg Principle01:49

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.In the early 20th century,...
Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.For one, natural selection can only act upon existing genetic variation. Hypothetically, redtusks may enhance elephant survival by deterring ivory-seeking poachers. However, if there are no gene variants—or alleles—for redtusks, natural selection cannot increase the prevalence of...
Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

Speciation can proceed at markedly different rates, and evolutionary biologists commonly describe these differences through the models of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. Both patterns explain how new species arise, but they differ in the tempo and continuity of evolutionary change. In both cases, evolutionary change arises from heritable variation within populations, with natural selection often shaping traits that improve survival and reproduction under specific environmental conditions.
Nature and Nurture01:10

Nature and Nurture

Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience, such as differences...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Global and Current Research Trends of Single-Cell Sequencing in Cancer: A Bibliometric and Visualization Study
07:50

Global and Current Research Trends of Single-Cell Sequencing in Cancer: A Bibliometric and Visualization Study

Published on: April 18, 2025

Systematic differences in impact across publication tracks at PNAS.

David G Rand1, Thomas Pfeiffer

  • 1Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America. drand@fas.harvard.edu

Plos One
|December 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Papers authored by National Academy of Sciences (NAS) members are cited less, but have a higher chance of exceptional impact. Different editorial policies within the same journal yield varied citation outcomes.

More Related Videos

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases
05:02

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases

Published on: October 24, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Global and Current Research Trends of Single-Cell Sequencing in Cancer: A Bibliometric and Visualization Study
07:50

Global and Current Research Trends of Single-Cell Sequencing in Cancer: A Bibliometric and Visualization Study

Published on: April 18, 2025

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases
05:02

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases

Published on: October 24, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Bibliometrics
  • Scholarly Publishing
  • Scientific Communication

Background:

  • Citation data offers insights into scientific journal editorial policies.
  • Analysis focuses on three publication tracks of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
  • Investigates editorial and referee selection impacts, controlling for journal prestige.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate citation counts across PNAS's distinct publication tracks.
  • To understand the consequences of varied editor and referee selection processes.
  • To assess how different editorial procedures affect paper impact.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of citation data for PNAS publication tracks.
  • Statistical examination of citation counts and variance.
  • Focus on top 10% most-cited papers per track.

Main Results:

  • 'Contributed' papers (Track III) show lower average citations than 'Communicated' (Track I) or direct submissions (Track II).
  • Higher citation variance observed in 'Contributed' and 'Communicated' papers.
  • Top-cited papers analysis reveals 'Contributed' papers receive most citations, followed by 'Communicated', then direct submissions.

Conclusions:

  • PNAS 'Contributed' papers, with author-selected reviewers, balance lower overall impact with higher exceptional paper probability.
  • Demonstrates that diverse editorial procedures within a journal lead to different impact levels.
  • Highlights the need for nuanced metrics to evaluate editorial policy success.