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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Transmission Electron Microscopy01:15

Transmission Electron Microscopy

In 1931, physicist Ernst Ruska—building on the idea that magnetic fields can direct an electron beam just as lenses can direct a beam of light in an optical microscope—developed the first prototype of the electron microscope. This development led to the development of the field of electron microscopy. In the transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrons are produced by a hot tungsten element and accelerated by a potential difference in an electron gun, which gives them up to 400 keV in...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography
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Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

Published on: February 21, 2017

Transmission diffraction-tomography system using a high-energy X-ray tube.

D J Garrity1, P M Jenneson, R Crook

  • 1Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK. DJ_Garrity@physics.org

Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine
|December 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A new high-energy bench-top energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) system enables 3D mapping of steel

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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

Published on: June 19, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Understanding crystalline structure and phase transformations in steel is crucial for material performance.
  • Existing methods for 3D structural analysis of steel can be limited in scope or accessibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the development and preliminary data of a novel high-energy bench-top energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) system.
  • To demonstrate the system's capability for 3D mapping of crystalline structure and phase transformations in steel.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a high-energy (up to 225 keV) X-ray source with precision tungsten slit screens.
  • Employed a precision goniometer and translation stage system for accurate sample positioning.
  • Investigated 304 L austenitic stainless steel samples with thicknesses ranging from 3-10 mm.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the feasibility of high-energy EDXRD for penetrating steel samples.
  • Presented preliminary data showcasing the system's potential for 3D crystalline structure mapping.
  • Showcased the system's ability to observe phase transformations within steel samples.

Conclusions:

  • The developed high-energy bench-top EDXRD system is a promising tool for 3D structural analysis of steel.
  • This system offers a new avenue for studying crystalline structure and phase transformations in metallic materials.