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Related Concept Videos

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
Rabies01:28

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Causality in Epidemiology01:21

Causality in Epidemiology

Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...

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High-throughput Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Animal Specimens by Nanoscale PCR
11:00

High-throughput Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Animal Specimens by Nanoscale PCR

Published on: November 28, 2016

Epidemic dynamics at the human-animal interface.

James O Lloyd-Smith1, Dylan George, Kim M Pepin

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. jlloydsmith@ucla.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Most infectious diseases, like influenza and plague, spread between animals and humans (zoonoses). Mathematical modeling is crucial for control, but complex zoonotic infections are often neglected. New models are needed to address diverse pathogen life cycles and cross-species transmission.

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Whole Genome Sequencing for Rapid Characterization of Rabies Virus Using Nanopore Technology
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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

High-throughput Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Animal Specimens by Nanoscale PCR
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High-throughput Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Animal Specimens by Nanoscale PCR

Published on: November 28, 2016

Whole Genome Sequencing for Rapid Characterization of Rabies Virus Using Nanopore Technology
10:26

Whole Genome Sequencing for Rapid Characterization of Rabies Virus Using Nanopore Technology

Published on: August 18, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Zoonotic disease ecology
  • Mathematical epidemiology
  • One Health

Background:

  • Most infectious diseases are zoonotic, originating in or circulating among animal populations.
  • Classic zoonoses like influenza and plague highlight the animal-to-human transmission dynamic.
  • The complex ecology of zoonotic diseases necessitates advanced analytical tools for effective control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the need for improved mathematical modeling of zoonotic infections.
  • To advocate for a broader scope in modeling, including neglected disease types and cross-species transmission.
  • To highlight the importance of integrating across host species and scientific disciplines for zoonoses research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing modeling approaches for infectious diseases.
  • Identification of gaps in current research, particularly for vector-transmitted and protozoan infections.
  • Conceptual framework for developing next-generation zoonotic disease models.

Main Results:

  • Current models often focus on pathogens with simpler life cycles and immediate urgency (e.g., influenza, SARS).
  • Vector-transmitted, chronic, and protozoan infections, along with cross-species transmission, are under-modeled.
  • A significant gap exists in models that integrate diverse pathogen life histories and multiple host species.

Conclusions:

  • Effective control and research for zoonoses require a new generation of mathematical models.
  • These models must encompass a wider range of pathogen types and ecological interactions.
  • Interdisciplinary and cross-species approaches are essential for advancing our understanding and combating zoonotic diseases.