Implementation of real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty and structural heart disease interventions
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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Simplified Stepwise Approach to Echo Guidance during Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair
Published on: October 16, 2021
Marvin H Eng1, Ernesto E Salcedo, Robert A Quaife
1Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver (UCD), Aurora, Colorado.
Abstract:
Percutaneous interventions for structural heart disease are performed in a dynamic and complex environment that necessitates multiple imaging modalities to achieve procedural success. Structural interventions are routinely guided by two-dimensional (2D) modalities such as x-ray fluoroscopy, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and intracardiac echocardiography. Real time imaging with three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography is a novel method of guidance to facilitate complex structural interventions with the promise of greater safety and efficacy. Real time 3D TEE (RT3D-TEE) affords the capability of imaging catheters and devices, the interventional objective, and adjacent structures simultaneously. We present an overview of RT3D-TEE and explore its functionality in structural heart interventions by using percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty as a model.
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