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Social Defeat Stress Model for Adolescent C57BL/6 Male and Female Mice

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Hyperactivity, shyness, and sex: development and socio-emotional functioning.

Ann-Margret Rydell¹, Sofia Diamantopoulou, Lisa B Thorell

¹Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala Se-751 42, Sweden. annmargret.rydell@psyk.uu.se

The British Journal of Developmental Psychology

|December 10, 2009

Summary

Childhood hyperactivity and shyness impact adaptation differently based on sex. Hyperactivity predicts aggression in boys, while shyness protects boys from aggression. Shyness is linked to internalizing problems in all children.

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Area of Science:

Developmental Psychology
Child Psychology
Behavioral Science

Background:

Gender nonnormative behavior can have consequences for adaptation.
Hyperactivity and shyness are key behavioral traits studied in child development.
Understanding sex differences in these associations is crucial for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the predictive and concurrent relations of hyperactivity and shyness to adaptation.
To examine potential sex differences in these relationships.
To explore the interplay between hyperactivity, shyness, and adaptation outcomes.

Main Methods:

Longitudinal study of 151 children (50% boys) from ages 5-6 to age 9.
Parent and teacher ratings of hyperactivity and shyness at ages 5-6.
Teacher ratings, self-ratings (anxiety), and peer nominations (shyness, social preference, aggression) at age 9.

Main Results:

Hyperactivity-adaptation links were stronger over time and across raters for boys.
Boys' hyperactivity predicted aggression more strongly; girls' hyperactivity related to lower social preference.
Shyness showed a protective effect against aggression for boys with high hyperactivity; hyperactivity linked to externalizing problems and aggression, shyness to internalizing problems.

Conclusions:

Sex moderates the developmental risks associated with hyperactivity and shyness.
Hyperactivity is a risk factor for externalizing problems and aggression, particularly in boys.
Shyness is associated with internalizing problems and can buffer aggression in boys under certain conditions.