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Related Concept Videos

Minor Losses in Pipes01:25

Minor Losses in Pipes

In pipe systems, minor losses refer to energy losses arising from components such as valves, bends, fittings, expansions, and other features that disrupt the steady flow of fluid. These disturbances cause energy dissipation through turbulence and resistance, which engineers quantify to manage system efficiency effectively.
Valves play a significant role in generating minor losses by obstructing or redirecting the fluid flow. When a valve is closed or partially closed, it restricts the flow...
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ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

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Improving Student Outcomes with an Adaptable Molecular Cloning Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience
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"Go upstream, young man": lessons learned from the p38 saga.

D Hammaker1, G S Firestein

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656, USA. dhammaker@ucsd.edu

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
|December 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Orally active small-molecule drugs for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are needed. While selective p38alpha inhibitors showed limited efficacy, targeting related kinases may offer a more successful strategy for RA treatment.

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Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
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Published on: November 30, 2006

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment benefits from orally active small-molecule drugs.
  • Signal transduction inhibitors are a key focus for RA drug development.
  • p38alpha, a regulator of proinflammatory cytokines, is a logical target for RA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide perspective on p38alpha inhibitor studies in RA.
  • To explain the limited efficacy of selective p38alpha blockers.
  • To suggest alternative strategies for RA treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of existing studies on p38alpha inhibitors in RA.
  • Evaluation of signal transduction pathways involved in RA pathogenesis.
  • Comparison of efficacy data for different kinase inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • Selective p38alpha inhibitors have demonstrated limited efficacy in RA.
  • The failure of p38alpha blockers may be due to targeting downstream effectors.
  • Efficacy of Syk and JAK inhibitors suggests alternative strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting kinases higher in the signaling cascade may be more effective for RA.
  • Less selective kinase inhibitors could offer improved therapeutic outcomes in RA.
  • Further research into alternative signal transduction targets is warranted for RA.