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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...

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Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice
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Epileptic apnea in a trisomy 18 infant.

Tomohiro Kumada1, Ryuichi Nishii, Tatsuya Higashi

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Shiga Medical Center for Children, Moriyama, Shiga 524-0022, Japan. tkumada@mccs.jp

Pediatric Neurology
|December 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Epileptic apnea, a rare complication in infants with Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), was successfully treated with zonisamide. Differentiating it from central apnea is vital to avoid harmful treatments.

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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Genetics
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) commonly presents with neurological issues like hypotonia, intellectual disability, and central apnea.
  • Epilepsy is also a frequent complication in children with Trisomy 18.
  • However, epileptic apnea has not been previously documented in this population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the first case of epileptic apnea in an infant with Trisomy 18.
  • To describe the diagnostic methods used to identify the condition.
  • To highlight the importance of distinguishing epileptic apnea from central apnea for appropriate treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of an infant with Trisomy 18 experiencing apneic episodes.
  • Utilized ictal electroencephalogram (EEG) to capture seizure activity during apnea.
  • Employed positron emission tomography (PET) scans, including [(11)C] flumazenil and [(18)F] fluorodeoxyglucose, to localize seizure origin.
  • Assessed treatment response to zonisamide.

Main Results:

  • The infant presented with monthly clusters of apneic episodes starting at 10 months of age.
  • Diagnostic evaluations confirmed the apneic episodes as complex partial seizures (autonomic seizures).
  • Seizure origin was localized to the left frontotemporal area, potentially linked to cortical microdysgenesis.
  • Treatment with zonisamide led to successful resolution of the epileptic apnea.

Conclusions:

  • Epileptic apnea is a previously unreported complication in infants with Trisomy 18.
  • Accurate diagnosis through EEG and advanced neuroimaging is crucial.
  • Distinguishing epileptic apnea from central apnea is critical, as treatments for central apnea can be detrimental in cases of epileptic apnea.