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Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

The lungs are a pair of vital organs connected to the trachea via the left and right bronchi. The base of these organs meets the dome-shaped muscle known as the diaphragm. Encased by the pleurae, the lungs contact the mediastinum. The right lung is shorter yet wider, and has a larger volume than the left lung. The left lung has an indentation known as the cardiac notch. The superior region of the lungs is referred to as the apex, whereas the base is the lower region near the diaphragm. The...

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

Atelectasis develops when alveoli lose their air and collapse inward. Because lung tissue is naturally elastic, these air sacs shrink rather than remaining open. Collapsed alveoli are no longer ventilated, reducing their role in gas exchange. Blood flow may continue in these regions, creating a ventilation–perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, reduced chest expansion, and decreased tactile fremitus as sound transmission through collapsed...

Pleura of the Lungs

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The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement consists of two layers: the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura lines the surface of the lungIn contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer and contacts to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The hilum is the point of connection between the visceral and parietal layers. The space between the parietal and...

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...

Pneumothorax-I

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition

Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition

Published on: March 3, 2023

Intradiaphragmatic extralobar sequestration-a rare pulmonary anomaly.

Andreas H Meier¹, Kathleen D Eggli, Robert E Cilley

¹Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL 62702, USA. andreashmeier@me.com

Journal of Pediatric Surgery

|December 17, 2009

Summary

Intradiaphragmatic pulmonary sequestration is a rare condition. A specific computed tomographic scan finding may aid in its preoperative identification in pediatric patients.

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Published on: March 6, 2019

Area of Science:

Pediatric Surgery
Thoracic Surgery
Medical Imaging

Background:

Extralobar pulmonary sequestration (EPS) is a congenital lung malformation.
Typically located in the thoracic cavity, EPS can rarely occur intrathoracically or abdominally.
Intradiaphragmatic location represents an extremely rare variant.

Observation:

A 16-month-old boy presented with symptoms suggestive of an intradiaphragmatic abnormality.
Computed tomography (CT) was utilized for diagnostic imaging.
A unique CT finding was observed that correlated with the intradiaphragmatic lesion.

Findings:

The case details an intradiaphragmatic extralobar pulmonary sequestration.
A specific computed tomographic scan finding is highlighted as a potential diagnostic clue.
This finding may assist in differentiating the condition from other diaphragmatic or abdominal masses.

Implications:

Preoperative identification of intradiaphragmatic pulmonary sequestration can be challenging.
The described CT finding offers a potential tool for improved preoperative diagnosis.
Accurate preoperative diagnosis facilitates optimal surgical planning and patient management for this rare condition.