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Related Concept Videos

Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Echo01:06

Echo

The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case, then the...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...

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Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations
06:34

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Published on: July 1, 2015

Temporal envelope of time-compressed speech represented in the human auditory cortex.

Kirill V Nourski1, Richard A Reale, Hiroyuki Oya

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. kirill-nourski@uiowa.edu

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|December 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

The auditory cortex effectively processes speech envelope timing, even at rapid rates. This core auditory cortex capacity suggests timing is not the primary limit to speech comprehension.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Neuroscience
  • Speech Processing

Background:

  • Speech comprehension depends on temporal cues in the speech envelope.
  • The auditory cortex is crucial for encoding temporal information in speech.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate auditory cortical responses to compressed speech stimuli.
  • Determine the role of Heschl's gyrus (HG) in encoding speech envelope temporal information.

Main Methods:

  • Used invasive electrophysiological monitoring in epilepsy patients.
  • Recorded from multicontact electrodes in Heschl's gyrus (HG).
  • Analyzed auditory cortical responses (AEPs and ERBP) to time-compressed speech.

Main Results:

  • Posteromedial HG (core auditory cortex) encoded speech envelope in AEP and ERBP.
  • Envelope following in ERBP occurred in both hemispheres, even when speech was incomprehensible.
  • Anterolateral HG (auditory belt field) showed delayed, lower-amplitude responses with less time locking.

Conclusions:

  • Core auditory cortex can follow speech envelope timing across a broad range of rates.
  • The capacity of the auditory cortex to track temporal speech features is not a limiting factor for speech comprehension.