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Related Concept Videos

Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
Genomics02:02

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview01:29

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
Genetic Screens02:46

Genetic Screens

Genetic screens are tools used to identify genes and mutations responsible for phenotypes of interest. Genetic screens help identify individuals or a group of people at risk of developing  genetic diseases and help them with early intervention, targeted therapy, and reproductive options.
Forward genetic screens
Forward or “classical” genetic screens involve creating random mutations in an organism’s DNA using radiation, mutagens, or insertion of additional bases, which result in visible changes...
Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Analyzing Gene Expression from Marine Microbial Communities using Environmental Transcriptomics
13:51

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Published on: February 18, 2009

Discovering gene-environment interactions in the post-genomic era.

Nasheen Naidoo1, Nirinjini Naidoo, Kee Seng Chia

  • 1Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health = Yebang Uihakhoe Chi
|December 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) identify many genetic loci for diseases, but their small effects necessitate incorporating environmental exposures. Prospective cohort studies are preferred for investigating gene-environment interactions despite long follow-up needs.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Epidemiology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have identified over 250 genetic loci for common diseases and traits.
  • The small individual and combined effects of identified genes do not fully explain heritability estimates.
  • Rapid changes in disease incidence highlight the need for exposure data alongside genomic data to study gene-environment interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the importance of integrating environmental exposure data with genomic data for a comprehensive understanding of disease etiology.
  • To advocate for prospective cohort study designs in investigating gene-environment interactions.
  • To highlight the shift from traditional hypothesis-driven studies to agnostic, large-scale approaches like GWAS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of findings from over 100 Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS).
  • Discussion of study designs suitable for gene-environment interaction research, favoring prospective cohort studies over case-control designs.
  • Consideration of limitations, such as the long follow-up duration required for prospective cohort studies.

Main Results:

  • GWAS have successfully identified numerous genetic loci associated with diseases and traits.
  • The identified genetic contributions are often small, leaving a significant portion of heritability unexplained.
  • There is a recognized need for well-characterized exposure information to complement genomic data.

Conclusions:

  • Investigating gene-environment interactions requires robust study designs, with prospective cohort studies being optimal.
  • The limitations of prospective cohort studies, such as long follow-up times, need to be acknowledged.
  • The GWAS paradigm encourages a move towards large-scale, agnostic data analysis in epidemiology.