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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Translational Rabbit Model of Chronic Cardiac Pacing

Translational Rabbit Model of Chronic Cardiac Pacing

Published on: January 6, 2023

Spontaneous pacing during overground hill running.

Andrew D Townshend¹, Charles J Worringham, Ian B Stewart

¹Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Human Movement Studies, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

|December 17, 2009

Summary

Runners adjust speed on hills by changing stride length, not frequency. Optimizing level sections after uphills is key to minimizing overall running time on varied terrain.

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Area of Science:

Exercise Physiology
Biomechanics
Sports Science

Background:

Overground running on undulating terrain presents unique challenges for speed regulation.
Understanding how runners adapt their biomechanics and pacing strategies to varying gradients is crucial for performance optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the physiological and biomechanical factors influencing speed regulation during overground running on undulating terrain.
To determine how runners adjust their stride parameters and pacing in response to uphill, downhill, and level sections.

Main Methods:

Eight experienced runners completed a time trial on a course with varied gradients.
Physiological data (oxygen consumption, ventilatory thresholds) and biomechanical data (speed, stride frequency, stride length) were collected using portable equipment.
A modified gradient factor was used to predict running speed.

Main Results:

Runners significantly reduced speed on uphills (23% slower) and increased speed on downhills (13.8% faster) compared to level sections.
Stride length was the primary mechanism for speed adjustment, with shorter strides uphill and longer strides downhill; stride frequency remained relatively stable.
Oxygen consumption was highest on uphills, aligning with individual ventilatory thresholds, and lower on downhills and level sections.

Conclusions:

Running speed on undulating terrain is best predicted by a weighted factor considering current and preceding gradients.
Oxygen consumption limits speed primarily on uphill sections, while downhill speed shows greater individual variation.
Pacing strategies, particularly optimizing performance on level sections following uphills, are critical for minimizing overall running time.